Two of Us Cloning Essay - 1477 Words

Have you ever wondered what it would be like if you had twin or even if you had a clone? If you had an illness like diabetes, have you ever wondered what it would be like if you did not? Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. The first successful clone was in 1997 when scientist Edinburgh cloned Dolly the sheep. She was the first animal to be cloned with an adult somatic cell by using the process of nuclear transfer. She was born on July 5 1996, lived to the age of six and died after being diagnosed with lung disease called Jaagsiekte. (First Cloned Sheep Dolly Dies at 6 page 1). This is a common disease in sheep caused by retrovirus (First Cloned Sheep Dolly Dies at 6 page 1). There were many†¦show more content†¦(Kilner, John Human cloning page 1). The tissue or organ would be transplanted into the patient, and then the stem cells would grow into tissue or organ that is needed for the patient. (Robinson B.A. Therapeutic cloning how it is done possible benefits). Embryonic cells can be grown to produce organs or tissues to repair or replace damaged ones. (Human cloning page 1). Therapeutic cloning can also be called embryo cloning. (Human Genome Project Information page 3). In therapeutic cloning, the resultant embryo would grow for about fourteen days and the stem cells would be extracted into a human tissue or a complete human. Then the embryo would be implanted in a woman’s womb and developed in to a new human whose DNA is the same to the original individual. (Robinson, B.A Therapeutic cloning how it is done Possible Benefits page 1). The goal of therapeutic cloning is not to so much create cloned human beings but to harvest stem cells that can be used to generate any type of specialized cell in the human body. Problems can also come from programming errors in the genetic material from a donor cell. (Human Genome Project Information page 3). The difference between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning is that therapeutic cloning involves cloning cells from an adult for use in medicine and is an active area of research. Reproductive cloning involves making cloned humans and this is illegal in many countries. Some American states ban bothShow MoreRelatedHuman Cloning Is Not Your Twin1011 Words   |  5 Pagestwin then am crazy. But yes it is not your twin. So my topic today is not about identical twin my topic today is Human cloning. Now I know that all of you know and have seen identical twins. And at some point you all wonder what would it be like to have a twin, what would it be like to have someone look exactly like you? Now with scientist experiment and finding new results in cloning how long will it be before they clone a human. I want to ask you guy will there be another you? I have been fascinatedRead MoreEssay on Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning1472 Words   |  6 PagesThere are two types of cloning, one of them is reproductive cloning which is when a whole organism is cloned and therapeutic cloning is the cloning of cells, organs or tissues. Cloning is when two cells decide or are forced to duplicate into two cells to replicate each other. Cloning can be done deliberately or naturally; and it results in two copies having identical cells, DNA, genes, organs and organisms. Cloning is a common, ongoing, debatable topic among society today. Many people argue aboutRead MoreCloning as Solution to Food Shortages and Needs for New Medicine1436 Words   |  6 Pagescould ever be a solution to these issues. Cloning could be one of the many solutions to the problems that are afflicting the world as we know it. But that has many people wondering what exactly cloning is, and, more importantly why people do it. Knowing what cloning is, why people do it, and o ther opinions and feelings about cloning could help us solve these issues. To clone means to create a genetic copy of another organism. Cloning depends on there being two cells, one of a female’s egg, and one fromRead More Cloning: Is It Ethical? Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesCloning: Is It Ethical? Science today is developing at warp speed. We have the capability to do many things, which include the cloning of actual humans! First you may ask what a clone is? A clone is a group of cells or organisms, which are genetically identical, and have all been produced from the same original cell. There are three main types of cloning, two of which aim to produce live cloned offspring and one, which simply aims to produce stem cells and then human organs. These three are:Read MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Philosophy On The Morality And Ethical Nature Of The Subject1507 Words   |  7 Pagessubject. Cloning can be viewed a few different ways based on the teachings in philosophy one follows. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a branch of philosophy, which bases its understanding of right action on consequences. More precisely, an act is considered right if it creates the most happiness (pleasure), and the least pain, for the greatest number of people affected by that action. In this way, utilitarianism is sometimes called a moral calculus. A utilitarian approach to cloning would lookRead More The Cloning Debate Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cloning Debate Not so far in the future, a young boy of the age of six, dying a heart-wrenching death, will only be able survive with a bone marrow transplant.   His parents will have searched near and far for a match, but none will come to their aid.   The only possible way that they can produce a perfect match for their sons bone marrow is to clone their son.   Unfortunately, at this time this topic is still being discussed and debated upon with the government.   Their only child that hasRead More Cloning Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pages Cloning nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cloning is an unethical action that should not be tampered with physically in any animal form regardless of what it is. This is a genetically engineered process by humans, in which, perfectly generated genes from someone or something is copied into its own life form to be an exact replica. In the article â€Å"Calves cloned to produce drugs† there are two cows involved with cloning. People should not be tampering with this, but letting God create people and animalsRead MoreShould We Need A New Technology?1196 Words   |  5 Pagestechnology such as cloning, genetic plant modification, and changing the DNA of a human embryo in order to get the ideal baby can have some long lasting effects on us, because each and everyone of them has some sort of potential dangers of their technologies. When we apply these technologies we should let our moral compass decide if we are going to far with what we are doing, and if it can have a lasting affect on us in the near future. According to Lama, there are two types of cloning. TherapeuticRead MoreCloning VS Religion Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pagesone, but two of the exact same people standing in front of your eyes. This is an example of what cloning can be in the future. People one day will be able to create another version of themselves or someone else. Cloning does not just apply to creating whole humans, but also discusses the attempt to create new cells to help cure different diseases. Science and religion often clash, and in this situation they do through majority of the religions. Buddhism has arguments for and against cloning, whereRead MoreThe Cloning Of The Human Body1611 Words   |  7 PagesIn my paper i m going to be talking about the importance of cloning, the basics of cloning, and some other interesting facts about cloning not just humans but some animals like Dolly the sheep.I think Cloning is going to help because it helps with cures, it gives us a new way to reproduce, and it finds ways to make the human body better. In 1997 Scottish scientists created the first cloned mammal, a sheep named Dolly. The cloning of a mammal stimulated debate because technology used to clone a

Hunted †Creative Writing Free Essays

It was a cold, wet, December night and Macauley Taylor was casually strolling down the long, dark, winding lane, on this way back from a tiring football practice. He could feel his legs aching as he walked, having been crudely taken out towards the end. He just wanted to get home. We will write a custom essay sample on Hunted – Creative Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Suddenly, three men appeared out of nowhere, at the end of the road. Macauley recognised these three men. â€Å"This is bad,† he thought to himself as he tentatively stepped nearer to them. Relief. He had successfully waded his way past the little huddle the men had made, with all his bones intact. All of a sudden, there was a shout of, â€Å"Get him!† and Macauley had three huge figures gunning him down. He could smell their foul putrid breath behind him. He could taste the hate in the words billowing from their mouths. He was running as fast as his tender feet would carry him. A warehouse gradually came into view through the dank darkness. He ran towards it, making quick, unexpected changes in the direction he was going, hoping to shake one of his pursuers off. He did this successfully and, before long, had found an empty storage compartment and hid in there, hoping none of them had seen him. He heard the three of them walking around, shouting his name, telling him that if he came out now, it wouldn’t be half as bad for him as it would be if they had to find him. He was praying they wouldn’t find him, as he quite liked his legs how they were. With all the bones NOT BROKEN. He could tell they were moving further away from him, as their voices were getting more and more distant. He was wondering about maybe making an escape sooner, and risk getting caught, or later. He knew his mother would be getting extremely worried about him as he normally got home around an hour ago. He made his mind up. Get home. He moved soundlessly to the door of the compartment and moved his head around the door. Luckily, no one was close and he was able to slide out and find his way back onto the country road. He’d made it. Safety. Thanking his lucky stars, Macauley made his way up the road. *BANG* A gunshot hit the night sky like the crack of a whip. Macauley sank down his knees, not in pain, in pure shock. He could feel blood pouring down his back as if someone had poured a glass of water down the back of his top. His whole life flashed before his eyes like one of those old drive-in movies. He thought of the things he regretted; things that were said, things that weren’t†¦ He wished his mum were there, just so he could tell her how much he loved her. Just once. He never showed her how much he meant to her. Swiftly, a bright, tunnel of light emerged in front of him. Standing at the entrance of the tunnel, was his Dad. The Dad: who had died a year before. The Dad: who Macauley had spent every night of the following six months crying for, begging him to come back, to not leave him. The Dad: who was Macauley’s hero in every walk of life was now here. Standing right in front of him. He said to him, â€Å"Don’t be scared, son, it’s all all right now†. He cautiously tiptoed towards him, then ran, then sprinted in the direction of his idol. He reached the end of the tunnel, and with it, came the end of his life on Earth. How to cite Hunted – Creative Writing, Papers

Communication in Contemporary Organizations †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Communication in Contemporary Organizations. Answer: Introduction: Employee orientation is a method to introduce new joiners in an organisation. The new employees are provided with the training that is needed to maintain its stature in an organisation. According to Lawson (2015, 234), an effective employee orientation programme helps employees to familiarise themselves with the working environment and provide a sense of direction about the path that they need to follow in an organisation. As such, three benefits of employee orientation can be analysed that can help an organisation make this process effective. One such benefit that can be obtained from employee orientation is the fact that it creates a good first impression. A proper employee orientation method can help in forming a positive impression about the organisation and the employees (Cascio 2018, 345). The second benefit of employee orientation is that it provides employees with an understanding of the benefits and expectations of the organisation. The orientation manager provides employees with an idea about the job role of the employees and the benefits that they may receive if they fulfil their role. Finally, employee orientation may help the new employees be engaged in the workplace and try to provide full effort for the productivity of an organisation to increase. Proper engagement with employees can help in increasing the number of mentors in an organisation thereby, the new employees can learn about the organisation quickly. Recommendations for classroom instructions With the increased demand for transferring knowledge to a new employee and other underperforming employees, it is necessary that instructors consider certain aspects that can help in addressing a large number of audiences. Therefore, five such aspects can be considered for lecturers to focus while instructing in classrooms. Engage from the beginning: It is necessary for lecturers to explain the objectives of the lecture and highlight the interesting points that are to be delivered by them at the beginning of the lecture session. The first five minutes of a lecture, the session is usually the time during which listeners pay proper attention. Hence, this time phrase needs to be capitalised by the lecturers. Create a moment of curiosity: The introduction provided by the lecturer need to create a sense of curiosity and enthusiasm among the listeners. This can be done by observing the type of listeners that are present and presenting the opening of the case based on the reactions of the people (Wieland and Flavel 2015, 825). Consider framework: The materials required for considering the framework need to be arranged properly so that it can be presented in a clear and logic manner. Use visual aids: This particular technique is adopted to avoid long theoretical delivery of the lectures. Visual aids can spark the interest of the people and the lecturer can gain more attention from the target group (Caldwell and Peters 2018 78). Schedule the lecture: Lecturers need to pace the lecture in a manner that it takes less time but cover all the basic points for which the session has been conducted. The questioning session also needs to be included at the time of scheduling the lecture. Auh et al. (2016, 726) stated that selecting an appropriate sales compensation plan is a tough decision for most organisations. The correct plan for the employees can help in motivating them whereas the wrong plan can cause dissatisfaction among the employees and lead to turnover. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the best compensation plans that can be provided to employees so that an organisation can work in harmony. The five plans include: Straight salary Salary plus commission Commission only Territory volume Profit margin Concept of knowledge workers According to Turriago-Hoyos, Thoene and Surendra (2016, 215), knowledge workers are considered as employees that focus their main capital of gaining knowledge. These people are basically the practical workers and it is necessary for these people to increase their knowledge so that they can be of assistance to themselves and to the organisations. Examples of knowledge workers include software engineers, physicians, pharmacists and engineers. Francisco et al. (2018, 179) stated that white-collar workers can be considered as knowledge workers in an organisation. A dual career path is a method to develop careers of employees without having to depend on acquiring supervisor or managerial positions. This is considered as the best method by which employees with technical knowledge can be fast-tracked into important positions in an organisation. This type of path is chosen by the people not interested in developing a career related to management or supervision of work. In the case of the knowledge workers, the incentive that can be received by them after adopting dual career path is the fact that they get elevated to gain good salary without having to be promoted in a top-level tier of an organisation (Turriago-Hoyos, Thoene and Surendra 2016, 215). Supporting strategy of Microsoft The merit pay for managing employees can work better than paying for suggestions. This is mainly because of the fact that the ideas suggested by the employees working in Microsoft may not help the company. The suggestions can fail due to reasons of its being either illogical or the requirement of more resources and capabilities that the existing capability of Microsoft. Verwaeren, Van Hoye, and Baeten (2017, 2811) stated that every suggestion that is provided by employees or employers need to be applied practically before its implementation. In the case of Microsoft, it has been seen that the company had to give out rewards worth $427,000 for the 6133 suggestions that it received. On one hand, it brought the efficiencies of the employees but on the other hand, it led to a huge loss for the company as the suggestions were not tried and tested. Thus, the company suffered loss initially for not fixing the conditions that employees need to fulfil for gaining incentive. Hence, payment by merit is justified as Microsoft can provide payment to the performers in the company. An overall increase in the salary of the employees may cause good performers to feel de-motivated, as the extra effort put by them remain unrewarded by the company (Microsoft.com 2018). Suggesting ideas for Microsoft Conroy et al. (2015, 207) stated that merit pay and incentive can be effective for an organisation similar ways. This is mainly because of the fact that merit pay and incentive provides an extra cash benefit for employees based on the effort that they have given in the organisation. In the case of Microsoft, the fact that merit pay can be used as an incentive can provide the company with an added advantage over its employees. One of the ideas that signify the fact that merit pay is as effective as employees are the fact that it helps in motivating employees to continue good work. This can provide an advantage for the company as employees can work hard to gain the necessary incentive. Another idea that can be provided is that the merit pay can help in differentiating the good performers with the average or bad performers. This can help Microsoft to conduct training for the average employees and ensure that the productivity of the organisation improves. Reference Auh, Seigyoung, Bulent Menguc, Stavroula Spyropoulou, and Fatima Wang. "Service employee burnout and engagement: the moderating role of power distance orientation."Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science44, no. 6 (2016): 726-745. Caldwell, Cam, and Ray Peters. "New employee onboardingpsychological contracts and ethical perspectives."Journal of Management Developmentjust-accepted (2018): 78-100. Cascio, Wayne.Managing human resources. McGraw-Hill Education, 2018. Conroy, Samantha A., Yeong Joon Yoon, Peter A. Bamberger, Barry Gerhart, Nina Gupta, Anthony J. Nyberg, Sanghee Park, Tae-Youn Park, Jason D. Shaw, and Michael C. Sturman. "Past, present and future compensation research perspectives."Compensation Benefits Review47, no. 5-6 (2015): 207-215. Francisco, Rosemary, Amarolinda Zanela Klein, Yrj Engestrm, and Annalisa Sannino. "Knowledge on the Move: Expansive Learning Among Mobile Workers." InOnline Collaboration and Communication in Contemporary Organizations, pp. 179-200. IGI Global, 2018. Lawson, Karen.New employee orientation training. Association for Talent Development, 2015. Microsoft.com/. 2018.Microsoft.Com. https://www.microsoft.com/en-in/. Turriago-Hoyos, Alvaro, Ulf Thoene, and Surendra Arjoon. "Knowledge workers and virtues in Peter Druckers management theory."SAGE Open6, no. 1 (2016): 215 Verwaeren, Bart, Greet Van Hoye, and Xavier Baeten. "Getting bang for your buck: The specificity of compensation and benefits information in job advertisements."The International Journal of Human Resource Management28, no. 19 (2017): 2811-2830. Wieland, Sabrina, and Benjamin S. Flavel. "The influence of gender diverse corporate boards on employee-orientation."Journal of Management Governance19, no. 4 (2015): 825-848.

Summer Book Report Essays - Lacey, Rock Of Love With Bret Michaels

Summer Book Report Return to Bitter Creek takes place in Bitter Creek, North Carolina, during current times. There are many acres of beautiful land. There are a lot of trees and plants. The weather is seasonal, although mild during the winter. Most of the action occurs at a farm, and in a house. Although the story involves family conflicts, and could take place anywhere, the setting was relevant to this plot because a lot of what happened involved nature, horses, and rural jobs. Lacey Bittner is the main character. She is a teen-aged girl who lived with her mother, Campbell, and her mother's boyfriend, David. Lacey is upfront, honest, hard working, efficient, and kind. When someone is rude she tells them how she feels. For example, she tells her mother when she thinks her mother is being inconsiderate. Whenever she has a job to do, like making a cabin in the trees, or clearing the pasture for the horse, she gets to it right away, and continues until it's done, even late at night. She tries to fit all her activities in, including school, sports, and taking care of her horse; she is responsible. Even though her mother doesn't get along with the rest of the family, Lacey is still pleasant to them. The main conflict is man vs. man. This is a story about a family who just can't get along with each other. There are personality conflicts between mothers and daughters, and cousins and cousins. There is squabbling over such things as who can spend time with whom, and who will drive to school. Campbell, Lacey's mother, lived in Bitter Creek her whole life, but she didn't get along with her family, especially her mother. She moved away to Clio, Colorado with Lacey, being single. She met a man name David. They were very close and lived together, but weren't married. They moved back to Bitter Creek, North Carolina because David found a blacksmith job there. When they arrived in Bitter Creek, they bought a little house. Lacey went to school with her cousin Tam. Campbell didn't like the idea of Grandmother bringing Lacey to school, so she tried to keep her on the bus. Although Lacey's mother is protective, Lacey manages to make new friends and spend time with her grandmother. During the summer Lacey was bored because Campbell and David were always working. Tam and Lacey became good friends, although they have some fights. Lacey learns a lot about wildflowers from a book David gave her and from her grandmother. One day Lacey comes home to find out that David bought seven acres of land. The family decided to clear the pasture, build a fence, and get a horse. The extended family always had Sunday dinners, frequently at David and Campbell's house, but Campbell, Grandmother, and Tam rarely came. Every one else has a great time and loved to ride the horse. Lacey named the horse Polly. Lacey joins the flag corps team when school started again. David and Lacey build a cabin in the trees. Lacey was always busy with many activities aside from the cabin, which she didn't get to work on as much as she would have liked. One day while David was working on the cabin he had an accident and died. This is the climax of the story. After this the family comes together (sort of) and learns to accept each other. Uncle Kenny and Lacey finish the cabin. Campbell mopes around because David died. One night Campbell and Lacey had to move to the barn because there was no money to pay for the house; the barn had been paid for for several months by David. Lacey used to go to folk dances with Campbell and David a lot, but she never had the courage to dance in front of anyone. Finally she did with her family. Lacey's mother became friendly with Grandmother again. Campbell finished one of David's blacksmithing jobs and got $2000. Polly had a baby horse and Lacey named it Trillium (a wildflower). Grandmother made a beautiful quilt and gave it to Campbell and Lacey. Everyone tried to get along with each other. I absolutely loved this book. I would recommend this book to people

Essay on Better Loving Through Chemistry

Essay on Better Loving Through Chemistry Essay on Better Loving Through Chemistry Better Loving Through Chemistry According to "Better Loving Through Chemistry" by Natasha singer talks about the information of system how dating sites works. Each dating website gives a person information that a user has to know. For example, their favorite activities, religion, family background and personality values. As a result there will be more than one dating website, therefore sites have many competition. Also, it says that many people who register have to pay money to order to find someone. I believe online dating can be successful. Beauty is not important, it is matter how a person react. One of the author's important points is that "People tend to be adept at heeding that first spark of attraction but may be less dexterous at recognizing the commonalities that are the foundations of good development." Indeed, people tend to look at beauty of user picture first but when it comes to chatting online and meeting them it will be awkward. Similarly, they don’t have an y common interest or personal might be different as a person imagery. As a result, he/she don’t be the right one for soul mate. To able to keep the talking, they should look at their profile and compare his or her interest to their interest. After that, they will able to have a conversation for a long period of time. It is not the matter of looking good, it is matter knowing each other. The most significant thing I have read from this passage is people are willing to pay money for online dating. For instance, The price for online dating at Chemistry.com costs 50 dollars for a month. It is amazes me how people are willing to spend something expensive for online dating. . Imaging that, some people are unable to find a person and continue to looking for a person. To calculate, if a person couldn’t find a person for 5 months they will spend 250 dollars. It express me that Match.com has more than 1

How and When to Use the French Preposition Sur

How and When to Use the French Preposition Sur The French preposition sur, one of the most common in the French language,  usually means on, but it has a few other meanings as well depending on what its used with. Here they are. Location un livre sur la table   a book on the tablesur ma route   on my waysur la photo   in the photographsur le stade /  le marchà ©Ã‚   at the stadium / marketsur la chaussà ©e, le boulevard, lavenue   in the road, boulevard, avenueIl neige sur tout le Canada.   Its snowing all over Canada. Direction tourner sur la gauche   to turn to the leftrevenir sur Paris   to return to Paris Approximate time arriver sur les six heures   to arrive around 6 oclockElle va sur ses 50 ans.   Shes going on 50 (years old).sur une pà ©riode dun an   over a period / the course of a year Proportion/Ratio trois fois sur quatre   three times out of four​un enfant sur cinq   one child in fiveune semaine sur deux   every other week Subject/Topic un article sur les roses   an article on rosesune causerie sur là ©galità ©Ã‚   a talk on/about equality After Some Verbs Followed by an Indirect Object Sur  is also required after certain  French verbs  and phrases that are followed by an  indirect object. Note that there is sometimes no equivalent preposition in English but the French usage is idiomatic. Such verbs and phrase include: acheter quelque chose sur le marchà ©   to buy something at the marketappuyer sur  (le bouton)  Ã‚  to press (the button)appuyer sur  (le mur)  Ã‚  to lean (on the wall)arriver sur  (midi)  Ã‚  to arrive at around (noon)compter sur  Ã‚  to count onconcentrer sur  Ã‚  to concentrate oncopier sur quelquun  Ã‚  to copy from someonecroire quelquun sur parole  Ã‚  to take someones word, to take someone at his worddiriger son attention sur  Ã‚  to direct ones attention todonner sur  Ã‚  to overlook, open ontoà ©crire sur  Ã‚  to write aboutsendormir sur  (un livre, son travail)  Ã‚  to fall asleep (over a book, at work)sà ©tendre sur  Ã‚  to spread out overfermer la porte sur  (vous, lui)  Ã‚  to close the door behind (you, him)interroger quelquun sur quelque chose  Ã‚  to question someone about somethingse jeter sur quelquun  Ã‚  to throw oneself upon someoneloucher sur  Ã‚  to ogleprendre modà ¨le sur quelquun  Ã‚  to model oneself on som eonequestionner quelquun sur quelque chose  Ã‚  to question someone about somethingrà ©flà ©chir sur  Ã‚  to think about, reflect upon rà ©gner sur  Ã‚  to reign overrejeter une faute sur quelquun  Ã‚  to place the blame on someonerester sur la dà ©fensive  Ã‚  to stay on the defensiverester sur ses gardes  Ã‚  to keep ones guard uprevenir sur  (un sujet)  Ã‚  to go back over (a topic)sauter sur une occasion  Ã‚  to jump at an opportunitytirer sur  Ã‚  to shoot attourner sur  (là ©glise, la droite)  Ã‚  to turn (toward the church, right)

Business Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Business Ethics - Research Paper Example In today's society, it is evidently true that many global companies struggle to survive given the lack of ethics in light of their modus operandi (Hunnicutt, 2009). The literature review of the research, therefore, will aim at outlining CSR not as a constraint, cost or philanthropy but as a source of innovation, opportunity and the acquisition of market leadership through competitive advantages presented by corporate social responsibility. An organization will experience an increment in customer loyalty and the volume of its sales when it supports CSR activities. Indeed, it happens when consumers feel that the company plays a big role in improving the welfare of the community and they think the best way of rewarding the company is by buying its products and services, thus resulting in an increase in the company’s volume of sales. Research conducted in the UK intimated that organization that support CSR programs have experienced an increase in sales of their products and services. The organizations were also required to satisfy the needs of the customers such as the quality, taste, price and safety (Archie, & Kareem, 2010). In addition, majority of the consumers are willing to purchase products that have a small impact on the environment and they do not buy products from companies that utilize child labor (Militaru, 2006). Also, a strong record of CSR helps to improve clients’ attitudes towards the organi zation’s products; clients will make more purchases and remain loyal to them. For instance, an estimate of 88 percent people who were interviewed in the Great Britain said they make more purchases from a company that engages in activities that improve the welfare of the society in which it conducts its production process. Companies that support CSR activities often find it easier to attract and recruit highly qualified and skilled employees, particularly in tight labor markets.

Business Management, Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Management, Marketing - Assignment Example The firm also has vigorous plans to increase its domestic market share in the coming year. The global market for LCD televisions in fiscal year 2008 was approximately 107 million units (Sony Annual Report, 2009), which implies a growth of 24% over 2007 sales. The unit selling prices are declining and economic slowdown is expected to hamper growth. The global market for media players is pegged at 275 million units by 2011 (Research and Markets, 2007). The market trend is shifting toward pocket gaming mobile telephony with multimedia features available on the fly. Marketing objectives should favourably affect the company's top-line. These should be challenging, specific, measurable, and have a set time-line in which the objectives are to be achieved (Palmer, 2009). The marketing objectives in the current context, hinge upon domestic and international market. It is pertinent therefore, to analyse the company's core strength, market opportunities, threats from competition, and limitations if any, so that, the objectives set forth can be achieved with stretched resources in hand. LCD televisions and multimedia players are perceived as status symbols that reflect a "digital, cool lifestyle," which provides a sense of belonging in the peer group. It's an icon product that "needs to be owned," as a mark of a high culture lifestyle. These products also serve the "social need" for entertainment with no dangling wires, and plug-and-play convenience. With regard to MP3 and MP4 media players, these products are popular with the youth, as also, with joggers, travellers, and music lovers. The current trends are moving towards lightweight, compact, wireless units that have huge gigabyte memories, and can be connected to the internet on the fly. Market Segment by Age The major market segment by age, for the company's product lines, would be the 15 to 64 year old group that is projected at approximately 3100 million in emerging economy, and 800 million in the developed world (UN & Morgan Stanley, n.d.). Currently, around 60% of population in U.K. qualify under the working age category, which roughly amounts to 37 million people (Office for National Statistics on-line, 2009). Reports indicate that the unemployment rate at the end of third quarter of 2009 stood at 7.8%. Market Segment by Geography 80% of revenue would be slated to come from domestic market segment, and the balance from international

Airline Economics Essay Example for Free

Airline Economics Essay The purpose of this note is to provide background to the study of the airline industry by briefly discussing four important economic aspects of the industry: (1) the nature and measurement of airline costs; (2) economies of scope and hub-and-spoke networks; (3) the relationship between yields and market characteristics; and (4) the S-curve effect. The Appendix to this note contains a glossary of key terms used throughout the discussion. Airline Costs Airline costs fall into three broad categories: flight sensitive costs which vary with the number of flights the airline offers. These include the costs associated with crews, aircraft servicing, and fuel. Once the airline sets its schedule, these costs are fixed. traffic-sensitive costs which vary with the number of passengers. These include the costs associated with items such as ticketing agents and food. Airlines plan their expenditures on these items in anticipation of the level of traffic, but in the short run, these costs are also fixed. fixed overhead costs which include general and administrative expenses, costs associated with marketing and advertising, and interest expenses. The largest category of costs is flight-sensitive. An important point about an airline’s cost structure, and a key to understanding the nature of competition in the industry, is that once an airline has set its schedule, nearly all of its costs are fixed and thus cannot be avoided. Because it is better to generate cash flow to cover some fixed costs, as opposed to none at all, an airline will be willing to fly passengers at prices far below its average total cost. This implies that the incidence of price wars during periods of low demand is likely to be greater in this industry than in most. There are two alternative measures of an airline’s average (or, equivalently, unit) costs: cost per available seat mile (ASM) cost per revenue passenger mile (RPM) Cost per ASM is an airline’s operating costs divided by the total number of seat-miles it flies. (An available seat mile is one seat flown one mile.) It is essentially the cost per unit of capacity. Cost per RPM is the airline’s operating costs divided by the number of revenue-passenger miles it flies. (A revenue passenger mile is one passenger flown one mile.) It is essentially the cost per unit of actual output. These two measures are related by the formula: Cost per RPM = cost per ASM ( load factor where load factor is the fraction of seats an airline fills on its flights. In the end, it is cost per RPM that an airline must worry about, for it must cover its cost per RPM to make a profit. Airlines differ greatly in both their costs per ASM and costs per RPM. For example, in 1992 Southwest had a cost per ASM of 7.00 cents, while USAir had a cost per ASM of 10.90 cents. Similarly, Delta had a cost per RPM of 15.33 cents while American had a cost per RPM of 13.81. Differences across airlines in cost per ASM reflect differences in: 1) average length of flights (cost per ASM declines with distance). 2) fleet composition (cost per ASM is smaller with bigger planes). 3) input prices, especially wage rates. 4) input productivity, especially labor. 5) overall operating efficiency. Differences across airlines in cost per RPM reflect differences in cost per ASM plus differences in load factor. Two airlines might have very similar costs per ASM, but quite different costs per RPM because of differences in load factor. For example, in 1992 USAir and United’s cost per ASM differed by less than 2 cents (USAir 10.90, United 9.30), but their costs per RPM differed by nearly 5 cents (USAir 18.54, United 13.80) because of USAir’s lower overall load factor (USAir .59, United .67) Economies of Scope and Hub-and-Spoke Networks Economies of scope play an important role in shaping the structure of the U.S. airline industry. The source of economies of scope in the airline industry is the hub-and-spoke network. In hub-and-spoke network, an airline flies passengers from a set of â€Å"spoke† cities through a central â€Å"hub,† where passengers then change planes and fly from the hub to their outbound destinations. Thus, a passenger traveling from, say, Omaha to Louisville on American Airlines would board an American flight from Omaha to Chicago, change planes, and then fly from Chicago to Louisville. In general, economies of scope occur when a multiproduct firm can produce given quantities of products at a lower total cost than the total cost of producing these same quantities in separate firms. If â€Å"quantity† can be aggregated into a common measure, this definition is equivalent to saying that a firm producing many products will have a lower average cost than a firm producing just a few products. In the airline industry, it makes economic sense to think about individual origin-destination pairs (e.g., St. Louis to New Orleans, St. Louis to Houston, etc.) as distinct products. Viewed in this way, economies of scope would exist if an airline’s cost per RPM is lower the more origin-destination pairs its serves. To understand how hub-and-spoke networks give rise to economies of scope, it is first necessary to explain economies of density. Economies of density are essentially economies of scale along a given route, i.e., reductions in average cost as traffic volume on the route increases. Economies of density occur because of two factors: (1) spreading flight sensitive fixed costs and (2) economies of aircraft size. As an airline’s traffic volume  increases, it can fill a larger fraction of seats on a given type of aircraft and thus increase its load factor. The airline’s total costs increase only slightly as it carries more passengers because traffic-sensitive costs are small in relation to flight-sensitive fixed costs. As a result, the airline’s cost per RPM falls as flight-sensitive fixed costs are spread over a larger traffic volume. As traffic volume on the route gets even larger, it becomes worthwhile to substitute larger aircraft (e.g., 300 seat Boeing 767s) for smaller aircraft (e.g., 150 seat Boeing 737s). A key aspect of this substitution is that the 300 seat aircraft flown a given distance at a given load factor is less than twice as costly as the 150 seat aircraft flown the same distance at the same load factor. The reason is that doubling the number of seats and passengers on a plane does not require doubling the number of pilots or flight attendants or the amount of fuel. Economies of scope emerge from the interplay of economies of density and the properties of a hub-and-spoke network. To see how, consider an origin-destination pair – say, Indianapolis to Chicago – with a modest amount of traffic. An airline serving only this route would use small planes, and even then, would probably operate with a low load factor. But now consider an airline serving a hub-and-spoke network, with the hub at Chicago. If this airline offered flights between Indianapolis and Chicago, it would not only draw passengers who want to travel from Indianapolis to Chicago, but it would also draw passengers from traveling from Indianapolis to all other points accessible from Chicago in the network (e.g., Los Angeles or San Francisco). An airline that includes the Indianapolis-Chicago route as part of a larger hub-and-spoke network can operate larger aircraft at higher load factors than an airline serving only Indianapolis-Chicago. As a result, it can benefit from economies of density to achieve a lower cost per RPM along the Indianapolis-Chicago route. In addition, the traffic between Indianapolis and the other spoke cities that will fly through Chicago will increase load factors and lower costs per RPM on all of the spoke routes in the network. The overall effect: an airline that serves Indianapolis-Chicago as part of a hub-and-spoke network will have lower costs per RPM than an airline that only serves  Indianapolis-Chicago. This is precisely what is meant by economies of scope. Relation Between Airline Yields and Market Characteristics An airline’s yield is the amount of revenue it collects per revenue passenger mile. It is essentially a measure of the average airline fares, adjusting for differences in distances between different origins and destinations. Airline yields are strongly affected by the characteristics of the particular origin-destination market being served. In particular, there are two important relationships: Shorter distance markets (e.g., New York-Pittsburgh) tend to have higher yields than longer distance markets (e.g., New York-Denver). Controlling for differences in the number of competitors, flights between smaller markets tend to have higher yields than flights between larger markets. The reasons for relationship 1) are summarized in Figure 1. shorter distance higher cost per RPMlower load factor higher cost per RPM higher yield Figure 1 Cost per ASM generally falls as distance increases. This is because, say, doubling trip mileage does not require doubling key inputs such as fuel or labor. Thus, shorter flights have higher cost per ASM than longer flights, and airlines must achieve higher yields to cover these higher costs. In addition, shorter distance flights generally have lower load factors than longer distance flights, which implies a higher cost per RPM for shorter distance flights, again requiring higher yields. Why are load factors lower for shorter flights? The reasons has to do with the greater substitution  possibilities that consumers have in short-distance markets (e.g., car of train travel are more viable options). In short –distance markets, we would therefore expect that some fraction of time-sensitive travelers (e.g., vacationers) would travel on these alternative modes, so short distance flights would have a higher proportion of time-sensitive travelers (e.g., business persons) than longer distance flights. Competitive pressures thus force airlines to offer more frequent flight schedules in short-distance markets, which leads to lower load factors. The reason for relationship 2) has to do with the economies of density discussed earlier. Smaller markets will have lower traffic volumes, and airlines will generally operate smaller aircraft at lower load factors, increasing costs per RPM and yields. The S-Curve Effect The S-curve effect refers to a phenomenon whereby a dominant carrier’s market share (share of RPM) in a particular origin-destination market tends to be greater than the carrier’s share of capacity (share of ASM). Thus, for example, if United offers 70% of the seats flown between Denver and San Francisco, and Continental flies the remaining 30%, then the S-curve effect says that United’s share of the actual traffic in this market will be greater than 70% and Continental’s will be less than 30%. This translates into an S-shaped relationship between â€Å"share of capacity† and â€Å"market share,† as shown in Figure 2. The S-curve effects stems from two sources. First, an airline with a greater share of capacity in a market is likely to have greater visibility in that market, so passengers are likely to contact it first. Second, an airline with a greater capacity share is likely to have more frequent – and thus more convenient – departures. This, too, works to boost its share of the actual traffic. The S-curve phenomenon makes capacity an important competitive weapon in the rivalry among airlines. An airline with the financial resources to purchase  aircraft and airport gates to achieve a dominant capacity share on key routes is likely to win the fight for market share. This suggests that, in general, it will be very difficult for a small carrier to challenge a dominant carrier at a hub airport, unless the small carrier can achieve significant cost advantages unrelated to scale. The history of competition in the post-deregulation airline industry seems to bear this out.

Educating a Patient to Fight Leukemia Essay -- Leukemia Patient Educat

Currently, in the Unites States there are more than 250,000 Americans living with leukemia. Leukemia is cancer of the white blood cells, which help your body fight infection. Your blood cells form in your bone marrow. In leukemia, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells; these cells crowd out the healthy blood cells, making it hard for blood to do its work ("Leukemia," 2013). Fifty four year old Regina was just diagnosed with leukemia. Upon assessment I gathered that she has never smoked in her life, she has the occasional glass of wine and loves to go for walk and hikes in the mountains. After interviewing her I learned she is ready to learn and battle this new cancer diagnosis, including her family in the teaching process is very important to Regina and she is a very visual learner. She has a very positive attitude and lots of support from her friends and family. Readiness to Learn From the beginning Regina has been ready to tackle this new diagnosis and is ready to get better. Being so young for this diagnosis, the patient understands the disease and it doesn’t affect her ability to learn. To provide a more comfortable learning environment for my patient I would not choose to do my teaching in the examination room. I feel that those rooms do not have a very warm comforting feeling and they can also be very loud and distracting. It would be better to provide a quiet, welcoming and comfortable environment. Interruptions could interfere with the patient teaching process so I would hang a â€Å"DO NOT DISTURB† sign on the door to eliminate distractions. It would also be very important to have her family there for the teaching process since they will be the ones that will provide some of her care. Th... ...ailable to them to reference if they were ever unsure. The second goal was also met. She stated two of the risk factors that she could face contracting a virus and that she will take the needed precautions to avoid death. Lastly the patient confided in me and discussed her feeling identifying three of her emotions and asked for more information on the support groups she could join. Regina also wrote down the websites I referred to her and I gave her a pamphlet on coping with leukemia. Even though she has already learned a lot about her diagnosis there is always more to be taught. Works Cited Leukemia. (2013, July 29). Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leukemia.html Suszynski, M. (2011, January 04). Cooking and eating to fight leukemia. Retrieved from http://www.everydayhealth.com/leukemia/cooking-and-eating-to-fight-leukemia.aspx

A taste of honey †From dependence to independence Essay

Jo, a trapped schoolgirl seeking sanctuary away from her unreliable mother Helen, yet finding herself dependent upon her. The frequent movement from place to place and no steady source of income meant that Jo had no real social life at school or at home and few luxuries. Jo relies on a carefree black sailor for comfort, however, a facsimile of her own life, he is torn away and she is forced to move on. Helen leaves Jo and marries the untrustworthy Peter. A Gay colleague known as Geoff now comes into her life, and Jo soon realises he is a reliable person, and begins to depend upon him when she is pregnant. Towards the end, Geoff leaves upon the return of Helen, and Jo becomes the independent woman that she so longed for, perhaps a result of her quick taste of honey. In Act 1, Scene 1, we find out about Jo’s schooling abilities. When she arrives, she wants to find somewhere to plant her bulbs. As she says, â€Å"It’s nice to see a few flowers.† Helen finds some drawings that Jo had done and compliments her by saying, â€Å"I didn’t realise I had such a talented daughter.† Jo reveals her childish side by replying with â€Å"I’m not just talented, I’m geniused.† Jo’s intentions of leaving school and Helen at Christmas, becomes apparent, as she seems to think that she is mature and independent enough to do so. Another sign her naivety. Her view of the new flat also comes into light when Helen says, â€Å"This is the place,† and Jo replies with, â€Å"And I don’t like it.† Her attitude to life is arguably summarised with those few words. She is forever criticising Helen and rarely calls her mother or ‘mum’. The pair are constantly bickering and Jo even sa ys, â€Å"I’m sick of you. You’ve made my life a misery.† Her dislike and contempt for life, instantly recognisable, is possibly due to her loneliness. Her mother gives her very little support so she must seek affection from other sources. Although she seems to hate Helen, Jo is very dependent on her and – to a certain extent – Helen is dependent on Jo. She is always making Jo do things for her (getting drinks, cooking, etc). There is little doubt that her misery is also due to her unsatisfactory mother. Their relationship is hardly your stereotypical mother-daughter one, which contributes greatly to Jo leaving school and her mother as soon as she has the chance. Helen is not oblivious to her incompetence as a mother who says, â€Å"I know, I’m a cruel, wicked woman,† and not using the word ‘mother’. Peter is a dodgy car salesman with an eye patch, and one of the reasons that Helen moved. He wants her to marry him but Helen declines. However with persuasion and persistence his charm soon takes affect and she finally agrees. Jo immediately holds Peter with just as much contempt as her mother. Her spiteful attitude towards him is likely because Peter has her mothers love and she does not, though of course Jo would never admit this. Jo soon changes however and asks Peter coyly, â€Å"Do you fancy me?† and he responds, â€Å"Not yet. † Jo clearly seeks attention from Peter. He also has photographs of all his ex-girlfriends. Jo makes fun of his eye patch, again expressing her childish ways. We also find out about Jo’s phobias, â€Å"I’m not frightened of the darkness outside. It’s the darkness inside I don’t like.† This tells the reader that she feels dark and lonely inside, which sheds light onto why she has a depressing attitude to life. Helen neglects her needs, for example, leaving her alone for a weekend while she runs off with Peter. Helen also makes no attempt to help Jo when she’s pregnant, if anything Helen is angry, perhaps because Jo has made the same mistakes she once made. Being the age of 16 some may say she is quite independent, leaving school and home, however she is still a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve child inside with a thirst for attention and affection Jo is not perturbed by her mother’s actions, and is still determined to become independent. Her plans to move out are executed, and she decides she would like to marry a black sailor. Jo knows Helen will disapprove, which seems to make it the whole affair better. Jo’s relationship with the sailor seems short and casual. They both say that they love each other but are very relaxed. For example, when he leaves and does not come back she is not worried, probably because she is used to moving on and leaving many things behind. Later on though when talking to Geoff, she says â€Å"Last Christmas I had him,† she obviously misses him, and talks fondly about him especially when the baby is due. Helens departure has little effect on Jo, which is slightly unexpected, as she now has the independence away from her mother that she always wanted. This is likely because she really needs someone to depend on especially with a baby on the way. Geoff, a gay student is her saviour. He becomes Jo’s shoulder to cry on, and is keen on becoming a father figure for the baby. Jo seems to take advantage of Geoff’s kindness and often makes him do stuff for her. Geoff does not seem to mind, even when she makes fun of his sexuality, which many people did at the time. Geoff was her pillar of strength when she had her childish tantrums, such as wanting to ‘cut off the babies head’ or disown it. Geoff, probably more than she was on her mother. Jo even says, supposedly to the baby, â€Å"Let’s see what big sisters making us.† Geoff is a friendly carer and is totally different from the sailor. Whereas the sailor wants a sexual relationship, Geoff is content with caring for Jo and making cakes. Geoff even asks Jo if they should get married and also asks her what she’d do if he started something. Jo replies, â€Å"In my condition, I’d probably faint.† He adores babies but Jo is less keen on them. Geoff seems to want, more than anything, to be the father of Jo’s child. To begin with, Jo treats Geoff with little respect, joking around and saying things that could hurt him. As their relationship progresses and they get to know each other better, Jo respects Geoff more and more. Jo eventually realises that the baby will need a father figure and decides to let Geoff stay, but they wouldn’t get married. Jo has mixed feelings about becoming a mother. She is intent on keeping the baby at first because she thinks it is cruel to have them aborted. She does, though, have some doubts. For example, she doesn’t want to breast feed her baby. Geoff brings her a doll to practice holds on. She says the colour’s wrong – the father being black – and explodes. She screams, â€Å"I’ll bash its brains out! I’ll kill it! I don’t want to be a mother,† which makes us think that she may have an abortion after all. Previously though, the baby kicked her and she was overwhelmed. All of these details then leave us wondering if she is ready for motherhood. It is more likely that she is ready to become a mother because she has matured a lot since the beginning of the play when she was dependent on Helen. As the play progresses, we see Jo turn from a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve young girl to a mature woman. She is no longer dependant on anyone and, although she is probably destined to a life living in small flats and houses, the prospects are bright and, as she sings at the very end, a glimmer of hope shines through and we think she may have a happy life.

How Classroom Environments Affect Child Development Essay

When it comes to education so many different factors can affect a child’s learning and development in a classroom. First of all the temperature of the main class of which the child is learning in so such as the heating/air conditioning, if the classroom is too hot, eg. On a hot day a child may feel sick/dizzy this will affect the child’s concentration and well being similar to a highly air conditioned classroom where it may be extremely cold the child may get ill because of it. Another important part of a child’s education is having the right equipment to enable them to learn so ensuring the equipment the child uses is not outdated, broken or dangerous is essential to give the child the best learning experience possible, as children with excellent facilities are likely to enjoy school more and find school easier because they have the access they need to give them the ability to learn. Space is really important especially with children, so the size of the classroom can impact a child’s learning experience, small cramped classrooms, which could be overcrowded due to a large amount of pupils could make it hard for pupils to concentrate or in some extreme cases dangerous. So having a classroom a good/reasonable size in proportion to the amount of students attending is essential. Although this usually depends greatly on the location of the school as students from a city are more likely to have larger classes than those of a rural setting. Read more: Influences that affect children’s development essay This leads on to the next point, of other students affect a child’s learning experience, if a class is full of disruptive pupils a child is not going to learn as well as a classroom which is full of students which are quiet and willing to learn. Teachers have a massive impact on a classroom, their behaviour and characteristics can affect the learning of their class. Even tempered, fair, humorous teachers have a much more positive influence on learning experience than a moody, unfair, overly strict teacher. If a child is falling asleep, getting ill regularly, is lacking in performance or regularly disrupting classes they may be struggling. This is when you would approach the teacher and discuss the child’s behaviour and performance and the possible reasons behind the child’s behaviour this may mean more structured lessons, more one on one time, change of seating arrangements etc. but this may be monitored, and the teacher may follow this up with a discussion with the child’s parent if necessary.

Free Essays on Grant Wood

Grant Wood was born on a farm near Anamosa, Iowa on February 13, 1891. After his father’s death in 1901, the Wood family moved to Cedar Rapids where Grant attended school and even at an early age revealed his artistic talent. He and his friend, Marvin Cone, made scenery for plays and drawing for their high school yearbook and both were enthusiastic volunteers at the Cedar Rapids Art Association. On the night of his high school graduation in 1910, Grant Wood boarded a train for Minneapolis where he enrolled in art school. He returned home in 1911 and began teaching in a one-room country school. In 1913, he moved to Chicago to attend the Art Institute and worked in a silversmith shop. Later, after serving in the Army as a camouflage painter, Wood once again returned to Cedar Rapids and taught art in the public schools.(Cedar Rapids Museum of Art 1) He served as artist in residence at the University of Iowa from 1935 to 1942. While abroad, Grant Wood was exposed to current trends in European painting butconcentrated on the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist styles. In this, he was severaldecades behind European painters but current with most American artists. Wood is best known for his later paintings, which depicts the scenes and people of his native Iowa. A leader in the regionalists school of 20th century American art, he was strongly influenced by the subject matter and technique of various German and Flemish painters of the Renaissance (14th century to 17th century). (Grant Wood Painting 1) In translating their stylized formality to the American scene, however, he added his own distinctive touches of irony and realism. This satirical treatment can be observed in Wood's most famous work, the double portrait American Gothic. Stone City, Fall Plowing and American Gothic are present subject matter in the title. They are in artistic form which informs us about life. He is the inten... Free Essays on Grant Wood Free Essays on Grant Wood Grant Wood was born on a farm near Anamosa, Iowa on February 13, 1891. After his father’s death in 1901, the Wood family moved to Cedar Rapids where Grant attended school and even at an early age revealed his artistic talent. He and his friend, Marvin Cone, made scenery for plays and drawing for their high school yearbook and both were enthusiastic volunteers at the Cedar Rapids Art Association. On the night of his high school graduation in 1910, Grant Wood boarded a train for Minneapolis where he enrolled in art school. He returned home in 1911 and began teaching in a one-room country school. In 1913, he moved to Chicago to attend the Art Institute and worked in a silversmith shop. Later, after serving in the Army as a camouflage painter, Wood once again returned to Cedar Rapids and taught art in the public schools.(Cedar Rapids Museum of Art 1) He served as artist in residence at the University of Iowa from 1935 to 1942. While abroad, Grant Wood was exposed to current trends in European painting butconcentrated on the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist styles. In this, he was severaldecades behind European painters but current with most American artists. Wood is best known for his later paintings, which depicts the scenes and people of his native Iowa. A leader in the regionalists school of 20th century American art, he was strongly influenced by the subject matter and technique of various German and Flemish painters of the Renaissance (14th century to 17th century). (Grant Wood Painting 1) In translating their stylized formality to the American scene, however, he added his own distinctive touches of irony and realism. This satirical treatment can be observed in Wood's most famous work, the double portrait American Gothic. Stone City, Fall Plowing and American Gothic are present subject matter in the title. They are in artistic form which informs us about life. He is the inten...

Apple Supplier Foxconn Employs 14YearOlds

[3] The theory of internalization itself is based on the transaction cost theory. [3] This theory says that transactions are made within an institution if the transaction costs on the free market are higher than the internal costs. This process is called internalization. [3] For Dunning, not only the structure of organization is important. 3] He added 3 more factors to the theory:[3] Ownership advantages[1] (trademark, production technique, entrepreneurial skills, returns to scale)[2] Ownership specific advantages refer to the competitive advantages of the enterprises seeking to engage in Foreign direct investment (FDI). The greater the competitive advantages of the investing firms, the more they are likely to engage in their foreign production. [4] Location advantages [5](existence of raw materials, low wages, special taxes or tariffs)[2] Locational attractions refer to the alternative countries or regions, for undertaking the value adding activities of MNEs. The more the immobile, natural or created resources, which firms need to use jointly with their own competitive advantages, favor a presence in a foreign location, the more firms will choose to augment or exploit their O specific advantages by engaging in FDI. [4] Internalization advantages (advantages by own production rather than producing through a partnership arrangement such as licensing or a joint venture)[2] Firms may organize the creation and exploitation of their core competencies. The greater the net benefits of internalizing cross-border intermediate product markets, the more likely a firm will prefer to engage in foreign production itself rather than license the right to do so. [4] Source: Dunning (1981)[6]Categories of advantages Ownership advantagesInternalization advantagesLocation advantages Form of market entry Licensing[1] YesNoNo Export YesYesNo FDI YesYesYes [edit]Theory The idea behind the Eclectic Paradigm is to merge several isolated theories of international economics in one approach. 1] Three basic forms of international activities of companies can be distinguished: Export, FDI and Licensing. [1] The so-called OLI-factors are three categories of advantages, namely the ownership advantages, locational advantages and internalization advantages. [1] A precondition for international activities of a company are the availability of net ownership advantages. These advantages can both be material and immaterial. The term net ownership advantages is used to express the advantages that a company has in foreign and unknown markets. 1] According to Dunning two different types of FDI can be distinguished. While resource seeking investments are made in order to establish access to basic material like raw materials or other input factors, market seeking investments are made to enter an existing market or establish a new market. [1] A closer distinction is made by Dunning with the terms efficiency seeking investments, strategic seeking investments and support investments. [1] Trade and FDI patterns for industries and countries. [7]Location advantages StrongWeak Ownership advantagesStrongExportsOutward FDI WeakInward FDIImports The eclectic paradigm also contrasts a country’s resource endowment and geographical position (providing locational advantages) with firms resources (ownership advantages). [7] In the model, countries can be shown to face one of the four outcomes shown in the figure above. [7] In the top, right hand box in the figure above firms possess competitive advantages, but the home domicile has higher factor and transport costs than foreign locations. [7] The firms therefore make a FDI abroad in order to capture the rents from their advantages. [7] But if the country has locational advantages, strong local firms are more likely to emphasize exporting. 7] The possibilities when the nation has only weak firms, as in most developing countries, leads to the opposite outcomes. [7] These conditions are similar to those suggested by Porter’s diamond model of national competitiveness. [7] [edit]Application in practice In dependence of the categories of advantage there can be chosen the form of the international activity. If a company has ownership advantages like having knowledge about the target market abroad, for example staff with language skills, information about import permissions, appropriate products, contacts and so on, it can do a licensing. The licensing is less cost-intensive than the other forms of internalization. If there are internalization advantages, the company can invest more capital abroad. This can be achieved by export in form of an export subsidiary. The FDI is the most capital intensive activity that a company can choose. According to Dunning, it is considered that locational advantages are necessary for FDI. This can be realized by factories which are either bought or completely constructed abroad. FDI is the most capital intensive form of internalization activity. Apple Supplier Foxconn Employs 14YearOlds [3] The theory of internalization itself is based on the transaction cost theory. [3] This theory says that transactions are made within an institution if the transaction costs on the free market are higher than the internal costs. This process is called internalization. [3] For Dunning, not only the structure of organization is important. 3] He added 3 more factors to the theory:[3] Ownership advantages[1] (trademark, production technique, entrepreneurial skills, returns to scale)[2] Ownership specific advantages refer to the competitive advantages of the enterprises seeking to engage in Foreign direct investment (FDI). The greater the competitive advantages of the investing firms, the more they are likely to engage in their foreign production. [4] Location advantages [5](existence of raw materials, low wages, special taxes or tariffs)[2] Locational attractions refer to the alternative countries or regions, for undertaking the value adding activities of MNEs. The more the immobile, natural or created resources, which firms need to use jointly with their own competitive advantages, favor a presence in a foreign location, the more firms will choose to augment or exploit their O specific advantages by engaging in FDI. [4] Internalization advantages (advantages by own production rather than producing through a partnership arrangement such as licensing or a joint venture)[2] Firms may organize the creation and exploitation of their core competencies. The greater the net benefits of internalizing cross-border intermediate product markets, the more likely a firm will prefer to engage in foreign production itself rather than license the right to do so. [4] Source: Dunning (1981)[6]Categories of advantages Ownership advantagesInternalization advantagesLocation advantages Form of market entry Licensing[1] YesNoNo Export YesYesNo FDI YesYesYes [edit]Theory The idea behind the Eclectic Paradigm is to merge several isolated theories of international economics in one approach. 1] Three basic forms of international activities of companies can be distinguished: Export, FDI and Licensing. [1] The so-called OLI-factors are three categories of advantages, namely the ownership advantages, locational advantages and internalization advantages. [1] A precondition for international activities of a company are the availability of net ownership advantages. These advantages can both be material and immaterial. The term net ownership advantages is used to express the advantages that a company has in foreign and unknown markets. 1] According to Dunning two different types of FDI can be distinguished. While resource seeking investments are made in order to establish access to basic material like raw materials or other input factors, market seeking investments are made to enter an existing market or establish a new market. [1] A closer distinction is made by Dunning with the terms efficiency seeking investments, strategic seeking investments and support investments. [1] Trade and FDI patterns for industries and countries. [7]Location advantages StrongWeak Ownership advantagesStrongExportsOutward FDI WeakInward FDIImports The eclectic paradigm also contrasts a country’s resource endowment and geographical position (providing locational advantages) with firms resources (ownership advantages). [7] In the model, countries can be shown to face one of the four outcomes shown in the figure above. [7] In the top, right hand box in the figure above firms possess competitive advantages, but the home domicile has higher factor and transport costs than foreign locations. [7] The firms therefore make a FDI abroad in order to capture the rents from their advantages. [7] But if the country has locational advantages, strong local firms are more likely to emphasize exporting. 7] The possibilities when the nation has only weak firms, as in most developing countries, leads to the opposite outcomes. [7] These conditions are similar to those suggested by Porter’s diamond model of national competitiveness. [7] [edit]Application in practice In dependence of the categories of advantage there can be chosen the form of the international activity. If a company has ownership advantages like having knowledge about the target market abroad, for example staff with language skills, information about import permissions, appropriate products, contacts and so on, it can do a licensing. The licensing is less cost-intensive than the other forms of internalization. If there are internalization advantages, the company can invest more capital abroad. This can be achieved by export in form of an export subsidiary. The FDI is the most capital intensive activity that a company can choose. According to Dunning, it is considered that locational advantages are necessary for FDI. This can be realized by factories which are either bought or completely constructed abroad. FDI is the most capital intensive form of internalization activity.

BP ENERGY CRISIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BP ENERGY CRISIS - Essay Example The company operates in many countries internationally, however its performance is not stabilized. In fact, it seems that severe gaps exist in existing organizational strategies; reference can be made to the last year’s accident in the firm’s operational unit in the Gulf of Mexico. The above event proved the actual aspects of crisis in the energy sector: firms operating in this industry focus on the increase of their production rather than on the effects of their activities on the environment. In the case of BP it is noted that ‘total industry production from the Gulf of Mexico provided the biggest single increase in world oil supplies last year -- of nearly 400,0000 barrels per day’ (Pagnamenta, 2010). Of course, the efforts for the increase of production in this sector are related to the energy crisis – the need for continuously higher amount of energy, as a result of the increase of the relevant human needs. ... The Competing Values Framework (see Figure 1, Appendix) is based on the principle that organizational strategies need to be based on three different values – which compete each other: ‘the control versus flexibility, an internal versus the external focus and an emphasis on means versus end’ (Amos et al. 2009, 266). The concept of value on which the above framework is based is related to certain process. More specifically, Cameron (2006) notes that within modern organizations ‘value can be created whenever an organization develops competencies in Control, Compete, Create and Collaborate that collectively generate output that exceeds what individuals could do on their own’ (Cameron 2006, 29). Moreover, O’Connor et al. (2009) suggest that the use of the Competing Values Framework for the development of organizational strategies can help to the resolution of a common organizational problem: when organizational plans have to be designed and executed a series of conflicts is likely to appear mostly because within organizations there are different perceptions on priorities and ethics, i.e. there are different values (O’Connor et al. 2009, 57). In other words, O’Connor et al. (2009) note that conflicts in regard to the form and the content of organizational plans are inevitable in organizations of all sizes. However, through using appropriate strategic management tools, like the Competing Values Framework helps towards the identification of these values and their simultaneous promotion these conflicts can be minimized (O’Connor et al. 2009, 57). On the other hand, Amos et al (2009) make clear that the successful implementation of the Competing

Discrimination of women in wisconson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discrimination of women in wisconson - Essay Example This is the case in Wisconsin, where equal pay law was repealed. Women were the most affected by the move. Amid this, wage discrimination can be used to for the purpose of employee rewarding. Performing employees in the workplace can be awarded higher pay for their efforts, over and above the set discriminatory wage rate. On the other hand, wage discrimination against women can result in mixed impacts in the society and in the economy in general. To the employers, wage discrimination against women or any other group could provide a favorable ground for the exploitation of workers. For employees, this type of discrimination threatens their social welfare and economic security (Grana 183). Finally, the society can plunge into an affirmative action crisis if the situation fails to be harmonized for the interests of all parties involved. Women and children, especially low and middle income earners, are likely to be the most affected due to the social and economic uncertainties that wage discrimination

Eisenhower Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eisenhower Comparison - Essay Example Greenstein who, in his article â€Å"A Look at the Evidence† characterized Eisenhower as an astute politician who was actively involved in shaping public policies and carefully considered all aspects of an issue before making a decision. Greenstein faults the false perception of Eisenhower to his inconspicuous, low-key leadership approach which served him well in managing the victory in WWII and was also effective during his two terms as President. As might be expected, there is little to compare in these two articles, each presenting opposing views regarding the effectiveness of this particular former President. Brand’s article characterizes Eisenhower based primarily upon his effectiveness as a leader in developing a National Security policy, an on-going practice throughout his term of office that provided few acceptable conclusions. This analysis is based primarily upon outside evidence as seen in the actual events that unfolded rather than through any kind of inside evidence that details the president’s actual involvement in the discussions that were held. For example, much of the article focuses upon the actions of Congress and of specialized committees that were convened to discuss the various issues involved in nuclear armament.

The three generations of currency crises models

The three generations of currency crises models Explain the three generations of currency crises models. What are the implications of the escape clause model? According to a classification system of International monetary fund we can divide economic crisis to currency crisis, banking crisis, systemic financial crisis, debt crisis. From among these, in words of Jeffrey Frankel, we define a currency crash as a depreciation of the nominal exchange rate of at least 25 per cent that is also at least a 10 per cent increase in the rate of nominal depreciation [1] This crisis is big problem itself because it makes trade condition worse and bring many negative effects to economy of the inside and outside of the country. Not only that but also currency crisis can occasion financial crisis. East Asias crisis in 1997 is the case of financial crises which is caused by currency crisis. So for the sake of prevent financial crisis we should know about currency crisis model. Before 70s there were also explain model about currency crisis. But krugmans model realized the theorical condition of when fixed exchange rate system is collapsed and offered basic paradigm of currency crisis model. So we can define it as a first generation model. In first generation models, it thought economy fundamentals worse is the origin of currency crisis. Fundamentals worse example is low growth, insufficiency of foreign currency, budget deficit. More exactly, unsustainable money financed fiscal deficits lead to a persistent loss of international reserves and ultimately ignites a currency crash [2], because people try to sell domestic currency to buy foreign currency. So far as, financial obligations that caused by national bonds issuing is the speculative attacks root. On the other hand, first generation models meaning is government policy need consistency to control risk of currency crisis possibility. It means fixed exchange rate system cant stainable because that policy t ry to keep exchange rate (domestic currencys value) with induce inflation (domestic currency values fall) by issuing national dept and it is not consistency policy. And it will be controlled by invisible hand. This model has significance that it can explain middle-south Americas currency crisis repetition at beginning of 1980. But as obstfeld said, we should argue that one cannot adequately understand recent European currency experience in terms of krugmans model [3]. From 1992 to 1993, European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) countries suffered fatal currency crisis. Even they had compact and stable fundamental condition. To put it more concretely, in spite of they could obtain funds easily from global finance market and even these countries maintain stability of inflation level crisis happened. So obstfeld produced self-fulfilling crisis model which can call second generation model for explain European Monetary System Crisis, which could not explained by First Generation Model. At first generation model, speculation was just accelerator for crisis which will happen sometime or another. But at second generation model suggested a potential for crises that need not have occurred, but that do occur because market participants expect them to. [4] In other words, expectation about governments policy that government will devaluate domestic currency induce crisis because they sale currency first. We can imagine this is big sized case of bank run. So this model indicated speculation can make collapse of currency market and this is the reason why this model is self-fulfilling crisis model. In addition, second generation model indicates the situation of multiple equilibrium which means foreign exchange markets equilibrium point when occurs collapse of market is not only one and it can have many point and situation that can cause collapse and it determined by strength of market expectation. However it doesnt mean the second generation model ignores fundamental base. Because new second model changed theres theory to give weight to fundamental base. This is Escape clause model. More exactly, it will means currency crisiss reason will be various collate of fundamental fluent and market expectations strength. But despite of development of first generation model, second generation model and new second generation model, we can encounter with currency crisis that cant explain by these old models. Mexico and Asias crisis is one of these cases. They didnt have clearness weakness fundamental base as like dept or inflation. So it cannot explain by first generation model. Moreover, in this case governments devaluation led recession, not an expansion. So it has problem to explain by second generation model. So currency crisis model which is focused on reason of recession, especially foreign currency debt is third generation model. With third generation in Asias crisis, to help private companys foreign loan, governments issued national bonds to prepare subsidy. But it made unexpected happening, value falling of domestic currency and exchange ratio rise. So even same amount in foreign currency, debt became huge value in domestic currency. So government should issue more bonds to solve loan. And it made vicious circle. Finally, governments foreign currency reserve be gone while try to keep monetary exchange rate even it is going down. And Mexicos case is almost same except someone who is in debt was government. But interesting point is, some economist suggest that we can explain Mexico and Asias currency crisis by first generation model or second generation model. It will have same meaning with what escape clause model implies; All currency crisis will have at least fundamental basic element and self-fulfilling fact .surely and so on. And not only these three model which explained at this essay there are also many kinds of model for explain various types of currency crisis. For example, there are moral hazard model, financial panic model, boom-bust cycle model etc. I think existence of various types of explain model means there are lots of source for currency crisis. It can be mixed reason also. Also there will be currency crisis that cannot explain by existing model, because it caused by reason that we could not think or the reason is totally new one. But on the other hand, we should think about fundamental fact and market expectation which is basic fact of currency crisis. With this process, currency crisis model will develop continue.

Zen Buddhism and Bart Simpson? :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Zen Buddhism and Bart Simpson? Professor’s comment: The following essay is only one of a series of mind-bending ones that Rob wrote for my class, essays that demonstrated not just a quirky sense of humor but also a razor-sharp intellect and distinctive voice. This particular essay was written in response to an assignment asking students to explain a concept. From the first line of this essay, I knew I was on to something special: how many people would choose to explain an element of Zen Buddhism using Bart Simpson? And the essay does not disappoint. Bart Simpson, America’s favorite animated smart-aleck kid, replied to the famous question â€Å"What is the sound of one hand clapping?† by slapping the fingers of his right hand against his right palm, creating a loose flapping noise. Ask around and you’ll find only a few people with this talent (I am one of the lucky ones able to accomplish this feat). But the question becomes: am I and my fellow smug-single-hand-clappers missing the point? That, my friend, is a darn good question. The sound of one hand clappingis a koan. Zen Buddhist masters use these paradoxical stories or questions to force their pupils to slough reason in favor of sudden enlightenment. Koans are designed to be nonsensical, shocking, or humorous. So are koans serious or fun? Another good question, but a strikingly Western one. Why must seriousness and fun be mutually exclusive? Why are we so serious about whether seriousness and fun are mutually exclusive? All koans. We Americans can learn a lot by studying these little buggers. Pure Reason has failed to answer questions of how, or more importantly, whywe should live. Sadly, many people also see learning (or thinking) as a dry, boring act. Perhaps our teachers need to tell us not merely what they do know, but what they don’t know. Zen masters were not afraid to do as much. Koans sneak up on you. Each koan is a well-wrapped chocolate Easter egg of wisdom that reveals itself in layers. The first is either pure titillation, or a slap in the face. Try to read the following without smirking: (1) Wakuan complained when he saw a picture of bearded Bodhidarma, ‘Why hasn’t that fellow a beard?’1 (2) A student asked Joshu, ‘If I haven’t anything in my mind, what shall I do?

Research Project on Nimbooz by Pepsico

A Study on the Customer Preference of Nimbooz, Kolkata Chapter| Table of Content| Pg. Nos. | Chapter I| Introduction and Literature Review| | | * Introduction to the Topic| 6| | * Introduction to the Industry| 9| | * Introduction to the Company| 25| | * Introduction to Nimbooz| 44| Chapter II| Research Design| | | * Title of the project report| 59| | * Statement of the Problem| 59| | * Scope of the Study | 59| | * Objective of the Study| 59| | * Hypothesis Development| 59| | * Methodology| 60| | * Data Sampling | | | * Sampling Details| | | * Tools for Data Analysis| | * Limitations of the Study| 61| Chapter III| Analysis and Interpretation| 62| Chapter IV| Summary Of Findings| 85| Chapter V| Recommendations and | 86| | Conclusion| 89| | | * Bibliography | 90| | * Annexures| 91| | * Questionnaire| | INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC The beverage industry of India has seen the introduction of new products over the last few years. PepsiCo launched the lime-lemon drink Nimbooz. The drink is an addi tion to its 7-up category with real lemon juice, no fizz and no artificial flavors. This research is to identify the market performance of one such product that is Pepsi co. s Nimbooz. Market research  is any organized effort to gather information about  markets  or customers. It is a very important component of  business strategy. The term is commonly interchanged with  marketing research; however, expert practitioners may wish to draw a distinction,in that marketing  research is concerned specifically about marketing processes, while  market  research is concerned specifically with markets. Market Research is the key factor to get advantage over competitors. Market research provides important information to identify and analyze the market need, market size and competition.Market research includes social and opinion research, and is the systematic gathering and interpretation of information about individuals or organizations using statistical and analytical methods and techniques of the applied social sciences to gain insight or support decision making. The process of market research included – Step 1: Problem Definition The first step in any marketing research project is to define the problem. In defining the problem, the researcher should take into account the purpose of the study, the relevant background information, what information is needed, and how it will be used in decision making.Problem definition involves discussion with the decision makers and analysis of secondary data. Once the problem has been precisely defined, the research can be designed and conducted properly. Step 2: Development of an Approach to the Problem Development of an approach to the problem includes formulating an objective or theoretical framework, analytical models, research questions, hypotheses, and identifying characteristics or factors that can influence the research design. This process is guided by case studies and simulations, analysis of secondary data and pragmatic considerations.Step 3: Research Design Formulation A research design is a framework or blueprint for conducting the marketing research project. It details the procedures necessary for obtaining the required information, and its purpose is to design a study that will test the hypotheses of interest, determine possible answers to the research questions, and provide the information needed for decision making. Conducting exploratory research, precisely defining the variables, and designing appropriate scales to measure them are also a part of the research design.The issue of how the data should be obtained from the respondents (for example, by conducting a survey or an experiment) must be addressed. It is also necessary to design a questionnaire and a sampling plan to select respondents for the study. Step 4: Data Collection Data collection handing out questionnaires to respondents for study. It involves a certain level of interaction with the respondents. Step 5: Da ta Preparation and Analysis Data preparation includes the editing, coding, transcription, and verification of data. Each questionnaire or observation form is inspected, or edited, and, if necessary, corrected.Number or letter codes are assigned to represent each response to each question in the questionnaire. Step 6: Report Preparation and Presentation The entire project is documented in a written report which addresses the specific research questions identified, describes the approach, the research design, data collection, and data analysis procedures adopted, and present the results and the major findings. The findings should be presented in a comprehensible format so that they can be readily used in the decision making process. The project incorporates the analysis of the customer preference of Nimbooz.The research studies the overall post-launch consumer behavior and analyses the customer preference of Nimbooz. | INTRODUCTION TO THE BEVERAGE INDUSTRY A  beverage  is a drink specifically prepared for human consumption. Beverages almost always largely consist of water. Drinks often consumed include: Water (both flat or carbonated),Juice based drinks, Soft drinks, Sports and Energy drinks, Alcoholic beverages like beer or spirits ,Coffee, tea ,Dairy products like milk. Filling of beverages can be done cold, hot, ambient and cold-aseptic filling to mention the latest trend of beverage marketing and technology.The beverage is mainly categorized into two major categories based upon the alcoholic and nonalcoholic nature of the drink: An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: beers, wines, and spirits. They are legally consumed in most countries, and over 100 countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption. In particular, such laws specify the minimum age at which a person may legally buy or drink them. This minimum age varies between 16 and 25 years, depending upon the country and the type of drink.Most nations set it at 18 years of age. A non-alcoholic beverage is a beverage that contains less than 0. 5% alcohol by volume. Non-alcoholic versions of some alcoholic beverages, such as non-alcoholic beer mocktails, are widely available where alcoholic beverages are sold. Non-Alcoholic beverages are further of two types based upon carbon content. Carbonated beverages which include sodas, soft drinks which are â€Å"fizzy† and carbonated under pressure. Non-Carboanted beverages are those that lack any carbon content these beverages include contain Fruit juices, Coffee, Tea and other flavoured drinks like lemonade, gigerale etc.The beverage market is worth $55 billion worldwide. The tides are turning for many beverage categories. While the carbonated soft drink and beer categories are merely treading water with flat sales, the energy drink category is surging ahead like never before. Bottled water, ready-to-drink cof fee, ready-to-drink tea and sports drinks follow close behind with substantial sales increase- drinks without added sugar, no beer, along with developments in juice drinks and dairy-based drinks, are helping to turn around sales in these categories.What follows is a category-by-category look at the state of the beverage industry, including the top brands, new products,  innovations and future trend setters. The above graph shows the relative share of all the beverages worldwide. As shown by the above graph the different beverage sectors can be classified according to importance. THE CHANGING BEVERAGE INDUSTRY In order to be successful in the marketplace, one has to think in terms of health innovation, flavor innovation, ingredient innovation and specific age groups. These are the factors that will shape the future of the beverage industry.Today’s consumers are concerned with overall health and wellness. As a result, there is significant impact on food and beverage purchases . Many studies have shown that consumers are as concerned with good health as they are about maintaining a high quality of life. Beverage Industry have gone deep into the consumer preferences and tastes. The soft drink industry is training people to seek out new products, even the big companies are coming out with limited-edition flavors, and consumers are beginning to see that there is more flavor activity going on in the category.Whether that really nets anybody any sales gains is another thing, but it is teaching consumers to seek out and try new products. The beverage industry has grown drastically in the last 10-15 years. Each year the beverage manufacturers turnover increase and they continue to introduce new beverages. The graph shows that the Non carbonated sector is the dark horse which has shown tremendous growth rate from 1997-2010. With health and wellness being major concerns and obesity becoming a global issue, the future of the beverage industry is the non carbonated sector as shown. Packaging TechnologiesWith the increasing global customer base, beverage retailing is transforming. However, with the move toward globalization, it requires longer shelf life, along with monitoring food safety and quality based upon international standards. To address these needs, nanotechnology is enabling new food and beverage packaging technologies. Applications in nano-enabled packaging span development of improved tastes, color, flavor, texture and consistency of beverages, increased absorption and bio-availability of nutrients and health supplements, new food packaging materials with improved mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties.According to a study by iRAP, Inc. , the total nano-enabled food and beverage packaging market in the year 2008 was US$4. 13 bln, which is expected to grow in 2009 to US$4. 21 bln and forecasted to grow to US$7. 30 bln by 2014, at a CAGR of 11. 65%. Active technology represents the largest share of the market, and will cont inue to do so in 2014, with $4. 35 billion in sales. In spite of several challenges and restrictions faced by this industry, it is a ‘roll’ like never before. Customer preferences may have shifted, but they are still always on the lookout for a can of ‘coke’ or a new ‘flavored’ drink to quench their thirstINDIAN BEVERAGE MARKET India has a population of more than 1. 15 Billions which is just behind China. According to the estimates, by 2030 India population will be around 1. 450 Billion and will surpass China to become the World largest in terms of population. Beverage Industry which is directly related to the population is expected to maintain a robust growth rate. The price stability throughout the year has contributed to the increase in domestic liquor sales. India is a booming market for the beverage industry. It already accounts for about ten per cent of global beverage consumption today.This means that the country has the third-largest be verage consumption after the USA and China. But that is not the end of the road. Market analyses indicate that beverage sales in India will be increasing by more than 60 per cent between 2008 and 2012. Since India is a country of tea and coffee drinkers, packaged cold drinks have enormous potential. Packaged water, beer, spirits and carbonated drinks are recording what rates are in some cases high double-digit growth. All in all, annual per capita consumption of packaged beverages is supposed to triple from 2. 6 litres in 2000 to 8. 7 litres in 2012.The total carbonated beverages and juices market is estimated at 284 million crates a year. The market is highly seasonal in nature with consumption varying from 25 million crates per month during peak season to 15 million during offseason. REASONS FOR GROWTH: In India, various positive factors drive the beverage markets. One is the rising number of people in the middle class with extra money to spend on new beverages like wine, new bran ds of imported whiskey, or the fancy energy drinks, some of which are really good to enable people to work longer, to listen longer during conferences, and even to party longer and have fun. Economic drivers:  With strong economic drivers of consumer spending, India is a very different market from that of the 1980s or 1990s. With a GDP of USD800 billion and a GDP growth rate in 2005-06 of over 8 percent, India is now the third largest economy in Asia. Average GDP growth of the last 10 years has been 6. 5 percent per annum. And most significantly, the stepping up of GDP growth is driven primarily by domestic demand rather than exports. * Demographic drivers:  Macro There are compelling demographic trends in the country that promise new and sustained opportunities for beverage product suppliers who can read right the signals.The country boasts an expanding middle class that is currently 350 million strong (a population larger than that of the USA or the European Union). The rapid growth in the retail sector (over 20 percent per annum) is a confirmation of the increasing buying power of the middle class. FRUIT BEVERAGE INDUSTRY: The Indian beverage market offers hot options. The fruit beverages industry in India now stands at Rs 1100 crores (approx. Euro 180 million) and the market has grown at the rate of 30%. Part of the industry of fast moving consumer goods is also the beverage industry.The total beverage industry in India is being estimated to grow at 17% this year, according to experts. Food and beverages segment has not suffered despite the slowdown in the economy. FMCG in stores has done very well. In fact, it registered 10-15% growth in this segment last year. CARBONATED BEVERAGE INDUSTRY Approximately 120 billion liters of beverages are consumed by Indians every year, but only 5% represent store-bought packaged beverages. The majority of Indian consumers (75%) still consume non-alcoholic store-bought beverages less than once a day’, highlight ing a large untapped market opportunity, particularly in the carbonated drinks and juice or juice-based categories (estimated to be worth $1. 5 Billion and $. 25 billion respectively). In order to increase consumption and penetration of such beverages manufacturers will have to address the two primary reasons why some Indians abstain entirely, that is, health concerns and undesirable taste Beverage majors like Coca Cola India, for example, again reported growing sales.Coca-Cola in India reported a solid first quarter 2009 results not only despite a challenging economic environment, but also with unit case volume increasing by 31%. And eight quarters out of the 11 quarters had a double-digit growth. . MILK BASED BEVERAGES Demand for milk and milk-based beverages are also rising. India is the world’s biggest producer and consumer of milk, since milk plays a major role in the Indian diet. The consumption of milk and milk-based beverages has increased by an annual average of 2. 7 per cent in the last four years and most of them (65 per cent) are sold â€Å"loose† / unpackaged.The proportion of the market accounted for by packaged milk and dairy products are increasing, however. In the past four years, for example, demand for milk filled in pouches has grown by 4. 5 per cent annually, while the fi gure for milk in cartons is about 25 per cent. The rising consumption is making it necessary for appropriate investments to be made by the beverage industry. The sector is highly fragmented and 95 per cent of these producers have small or very small operations. Of this, the health beverage industry is valued at $230 million.The Indian beverage industry faces over supply in segments like coffee and tea. However, more than half of this is available in unpacked or loose form. Indian hot beverage market is a tea dominant market. Consumers in different parts of the country have heterogeneous tastes. The urban-rural split of the tea market was 51:49 in 2000. Coffe e is consumed largely in the southern states. The size of the total packaged coffee market is 19,600 tonnes or $87 million. Increasingly packaged coffee is becoming extremely popular and so is the â€Å"cafeteria culture† as promoted by Barista and Cafe Coffee Day.PACKAGED WATER Though not technically a beverage. Packaged mineral water is also considered to be a part os the Beverage Industry. Mineral water market in India is a 65 million crates ($50 million) industry. On an average, the monthly consumption is estimated at 4. 9 million crates, which increases to 5. 2 million during peak season. BEVERAGES FOR HEALTH AND WELLNESS IN INDIAN MARKET The global health and wellness trends in the beverage sector are beginning to notice an increasing level of activity in India.There is today a growing health and wellness consciousness among consumers and an increasing importance given to fitness and healthy lifestyle choices. Changing work and lifestyle habits leave less time for home cooking and therefore spur demand for convenience and ‘complete nutrition’ from meal replacements. There is a greater inclination to ‘self-care’ rather than ‘medicate’, a greater awareness of the ‘functional’ benefits of health beverages and a greater willingness to pay a premium for such beverages. RESPONSE TO HEALTH AND WELLNESSWith these strong drivers of growth, it is not surprising that the beverage industry in India has begun to respond with products that are marketed clearly on a health and wellness platform. However, to set the record straight, ‘health and wellness’ is not a wholly new platform for the Indian market. India has, for decades, had a thriving health food drinks market. Market leader, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare (GSKCH), has had iconic brands ‘Horlicks’, ‘Boost’, ‘Viva’ and ‘Maltova’ create ‘top-of-the-mind' recall across generations of Indians.The fact is that there has all along been a strong multinational presence in beverage market and more recently this has been witnessing the emergence of Indian ‘multinationals’ across this sector. However, much of the marketing for health food drinks in the past has been general health and energy positioning, rather than the focus on specific benefits or ingredients that is characteristic of most mature health food markets. This is now changing and the specific initiatives of some companies are going a long way to creating a truly dynamic health and wellness beverage sector in India.Global market leader in Probiotic fermented milk drinks, Yakult, has teamed up with Danone to start manufacturing its probiotic fermented milk drink in India from 2007. Calcium-fortified beverages are a rapidly growing market. Some examples of brands that have introduced calcium-fortified products are ‘Amul Shakti’, Coca-Cola India’s ‘Mazza’, GCMMF launched sports drink ‘Stamina' in early 2006. ‘Red Bull’ was launched in India in 2003. Carbonated beverage giants Coke and Pepsi have also planned to widen their product portfolio with ‘health-based’ beverages (non-carbonated).Pepsi’s ‘Gatorade’ is already on the market. And in what must be among the most significant recent commercialization efforts of a traditional Indian drink, ‘Amul Masti’ Spiced Buttermilk was launched (in a 200 ml tetra pack), marketed on the platform of being free of colour, preservatives, acids and sucrose sugar. SUMMARY: * Indian Beverage Market CAGR[2007-2010]:21% * India ranked 3rd in largest beverage consumption after the USA and China * Total Indian Beverage Consumption every year:120 billion liters * Fruit Beverages Market size: Rs 1100 crores (approx.Euro 180 million) * Fruit Beverage market growth rate: 30% * Majority of Indian consumers:75% consume Non-alcoholic beverages and 25% Alc oholic Beverages * Carbonated Drinks Market size: $1. 5 Billion * Juice or juice-based Drinks Market size: $. 25 billion * Health beverage industry is valued at $230 million * Indian Beer Market Growth Rate: 7 – 8 % * Indian Beverage Industry is 10% of Global beverage consumption today. * Milk-based beverages consumption has increased by an annual average of 2. 7 per cent in the last four years * Total packaged coffee market size: 19,600 tons or $87 million. The Indian soft drink market is worth Rs. 21,600 million a year with a growth of around 7%. * The total soft drink (carbonated beverages and juices) market is estimated at 284 million crates a year or $1 billion. * Peak season soft drink consumption : 25 million * Off-season soft drink consumption: 15 million * The market is predominantly urban with 25 per cent contribution from rural areas. * Coca cola and Pepsi dominate the Indian soft drinks market. * Indian Mineral water market size : 50 million industry. BARRIERS IN THE INDIAN BEVERAGE INDUSTRYDespite this flurry of activity, the market is still plagued by low levels of awareness and a lack of sophistication in consumer choices. Price remains a stumbling block. Public concerns over safety and quality of beverages have been aggravated by research findings over alarming levels of pesticide residues in bottled water and soft drinks. Furthermore, there is a lack of detail and clarity in food safety regulation regarding nutraceuticals and functional beverages, and regarding health claims. Within the beverage industry there is inadequate understanding of how to take traditional ingredients into the modern food processing environment.Finally, the retail sector, despite its growth, is still mostly unorganized and this limits the ability to differentiate health and wellness products through the allocation of exclusive shelf space devoted to this category. OVERCOMING BARRIERS: To overcome these challenges, beverage suppliers need to approach the market w ith a multi-pronged strategy for increasing penetration. It can be given as follow: * Price resistance can, to some extent, be overcome by moving from ‘imported’ to manufactured in India’ products. For example, imported ‘Gatorade’ cost INR45 per 200 ml bottle.Now, made in India, it costs INR25. * Substitution or modification is in some ways easier to execute than addition. (Examples of substitution would be herbal tea replacing regular tea or soy milk replacing regular cow’s milk. Examples of modification would be ‘low-fat’, ‘no-fat’, ‘lite’ variants of established beverage brands). * The growing trend towards on-the-go consumption/out-of-home consumption (at the workplace, in schools, colleges and gyms) presents suppliers with new place and form of consumption options (for example, vending machines for dispensing health drinks at schools). Abandoning the ‘one-size-fits-all’ positioning and g eneric selling points of the past, in favour of targeted and specific messaging based on validated health benefits is likely to be more effective to the better informed middle class today. * Leveraging the intrinsic appeal of traditional Indian ingredients such as ayurvedic, herbal or oleoresin ingredients, but delivered in a modern, safe, convenient and consistent form, or packaging and branding traditional Indian health drinks such as buttermilk and lassi, could create whole new markets that derive their strength from known and trusted traditional ingredients or drinks. In the end, beverage suppliers who unlearn many of the long-held misconceptions about Indian consumers and respond instead to their changing needs and priorities will be best placed to maximize the health and wellness opportunity in this large and growing market LEADING COMPANIES Coca-Cola Company: The Coca-Cola Company (Coca-Cola) manufactures, markets and distributes nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. The syrups, concentrates and beverage bases for Coca-Cola and nearly 400 other soft-drink brands are manufactured and sold by the Coca-Cola Company and its subsidiaries in nearly 200 countries around the world.More than 60% of its products are sold outside of the US. It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. The company recorded revenues of $23,104 million during the fiscal year ended December 2005, an increase of 6. 3% over 2004. The company's net profit was $4,872 million in fiscal year 2005, an increase of 0. 5% over 2004. PepsiCo, Inc. : PepsiCo is a leading global snack and beverage company. The company manufactures, markets and sells a range of salty, convenient, sweet and grain-based snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated beverages and foods.The company operates in 200 countries besides the US and Canada. It is headquartered in Purchase, New York. The company recorded revenues of $32. 6 billion during the fiscal year ended December 2005, an increase of 11. 3% over 2004. The ne t profit was $4,078 million in fiscal year 2005, a decrease of 3. 2% from 2004. Parle Bisleri Pvt Ltd : Parle Bisleri is an Indian bottled water company. The group is also involved in the production of fruit juices under the Alfa brand. Bisleri is a brand of bottled water in India. Bisleri has 60% market share in packaged drinking water in India Unilever:Unilever Group (Unilever) is one of the leading companies in the global fast-moving consumer goods segment. Unilever operates under a dual structure. Unilever NV and Unilever PLC are the twin parent companies of the Unilever Group. Also, Unilever NV, Unilever PLC and their group companies constitute a single reporting entity for presenting consolidated accounts. The group operates primarily in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. It is headquartered in Blackfriars, the UK and employs about 206,000 people. The group recorded revenues of $49,310. million during the fiscal year ended December 2005, an increase of 2. 9% over 2004. The operating profit of the group was $6,605. 1 million during fiscal year 2005, an increase of 25. 4% over 2004. The net profit was $4,940. 8 million in fiscal year 2005, an increase of 35. 2% over 2004. Parle Agro Pvt Ltd: Parle Agro is an Indian company in the beverages industry and has brands like Frooti, consistent winner of India's fruit beverage brand, Appy, Appy Fizz and packaged drinking water, Bailley. A pioneer in the Indian industry, Parle Agro is associated with many firsts.They were the first to introduce fruit drinks in tetra packaging, first to introduce apple nectar and the first to introduce fruit drinks in PET bottles. In 2008, Parle Agro forayed into foods with the launch of two confectionery brands, Mintrox mints and Buttercup candies. This was soon followed by two more brands – Buttercup Softease and Softease Mithai. Recent beverage products from Parle Agro include Saint Juice, LMN and Grappo Fizz. In 2009, Parle Agro forayed into snacks with the launch of Hippo, in line with the company’s vision of becoming a major player in the foods and beverages industry.SWOT ANLYSIS OF THE BEVERAGE INDUSTRY * STRENGTH * Renewal and investment * Innovation and Technological development * Experience in searching for new markets, niches and partners * Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labour costs and presence across the entire value chain gives India a competitive advantage. * WEAKNESS * Old technologies and poor work organization * Insufficient pace of creation and implementation of innovations * Insufficiently effective activities of small and medium-sized businesses * Change in household consumption patterns * OPPORTUNITIES Presence of a favorable market * Market globalization * Foreign direct investment promoting knowledge and developing export channels * Transfer of production to the countries with smaller labour costs * Well established distribution network * THREATS * Unfavorable market trends in energy resources * Increasing competition among exporters and decreasing dependency on one market * Intense competition between the organized and unorganized segments and low operational cost. * Water scarcity in India INTRODUCTION TO PEPSICO COMPANY Pepsi Co. : An IntroductionPepsiCo, Incorporated is a large conglomerate with interests in manufacturing, marketing and selling a wide variety of carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, as well as salty, sweet and grain-based snacks, and other foods. Company Profile Type : Public (NYSE:  PEP) Founded : New York, (1965) Headquarters : Purchase, New York Area  served : Worldwide Key  people : Indra K. Nooyi (Chairwoman), (President) & (CEO) Industry : Food, Non-alcoholic beverage The PepsiCo challenge (to keep up with archrival The Coca-Cola Company) never ends for the world's no. carbonated soft-drink maker. Its soft drinks include Pepsi, Mountain Dew, and Slice. Cola is not the company's only beverage: Pepsi sells Tropicana orange juice brands, Slice mango d rink, Gatorade sports drink, Nimbooz lime drink and Aquafina water. The company also owns Frito-Lay, the world's no. 1 snack maker with offerings such as corn chips (Doritos, Fritos) and potato chips (Lay's, Ruffles). Its Quaker Foods division offers breakfast cereals (Life), pasta (Pasta Roni), rice (Rice-A-Roni), and side dishes (Near East). A true global giant, Pepsi's products are available in some 200 countries.HISTORY Born in the Carolinas in 1898, Pepsi-Cola has a long and rich history. The drink is the invention of Caleb Bradham (left), a pharmacist and drugstore owner in New Bern, North Carolina. The information published here is provided by PepsiCo, Inc. and may be accessed at their site: www. pepsi. com. The story behind Pepsi co. goes as follows, in summer of 1898, as usual, was hot and humid in New Bern, North Carolina. So a young pharmacist named Caleb Bradham began experimenting with combinations of spices, juices, and syrups trying to create a refreshing new drink to serve his customers.He succeeded beyond all expectations because he invented the beverage known around the world as Pepsi-Cola. Caleb Bradham had known that to keep people returning to his pharmacy, he would have to turn it into a gathering place. He did so by concocting his own special beverage, a soft drink. His creation, a unique mixture of kola nut extract, vanilla and rareoils, became so popular his customers named it â€Å"Brad's Drink. † Caleb decided to rename it â€Å"Pepsi-Cola,† and advertised his new soft drink. People responded, and sales of Pepsi-Cola started to grow, convincing him that he should form company to market the new beverage. In 1902, he launched the Pepsi-Cola Company in the back room of his pharmacy, and applied to the U. S. Patent Office for a trademark. At first, he mixed the syrup himself and sold it exclusively through soda fountains. But soon Caleb recognized that a greater opportunity existed to bottle Pepsi so that people could drink it anywhere. The business began to grow, and on June 16, 1903, â€Å"Pepsi-Cola† was officially registered with the U. S. Patent Office. That year, Caleb sold 7,968 gallons of syrup, using the theme line â€Å"Exhilarating, Invigorating, Aids Digestion. He also began awarding franchises to bottle Pepsi to independent investors, whose number grew from just two in 1905, in the cities of Charlotte and Durham, North Carolina, to 15 the following year, and 40 by 1907. By the end of 1910, there were Pepsi-Cola franchises in 24 states. Pepsi-Cola's first bottling line resulted from some less-than-sophisticated engineering in the back room of Caleb's pharmacy. Building a strong franchise system was one of Caleb's greatest achievements. Local Pepsi-Cola bottlers, entrepreneurial in spirit and dedicated to the product's success, provided a sturdy foundation.They were the cornerstone of the Pepsi-Cola enterprise. By 1907, the new company was selling more than 100,000 gallons of syrup per year. Growth was phenomenal, and in 1909 Caleb erected a headquarters so spectacular that the town of New Bern pictured it on a postcard. Famous racing car driver Barney Oldfield endorsed Pepsi in newspaper ads as â€Å"A bully drink†¦ refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race. † The previous year, Pepsi had been one of the first companies in the United States to switch from horse-drawn transport to motor vehicles, and Caleb's business expertise captured widespread attention.He was even mentioned as a possible candidate for Governor. A 1913 editorial in the Greensboro Patriot praised him for his â€Å"keen and energetic business sense. † Pepsi-Cola enjoyed 17 unbroken years of success. Caleb now promoted Pepsi sales with the slogan, â€Å"Drink Pepsi-Cola. It will satisfy you. † Then came World War I, and the cost of doing business increased drastically. Sugar prices see sawed between record highs and disastrous lows, and so did the price of producing Pepsi-Cola. Caleb was forced into a series of business gambles just to survive, until finally, after three exhausting ears, his luck ran out and he was bankrupted. By 1921, only two plants remained open. It wasn't until a successful candy manufacturer, Charles G. Guth, appeared on the scene that the future of Pepsi-Cola was assured. Guth was president of Loft Incorporated, a large chain of candy stores and soda fountains along the eastern seaboard. He saw Pepsi-Cola as an opportunity to discontinue an unsatisfactory business relationship with the Coca-Cola Company, and at the same time to add an attractive drawing card to Loft's soda fountains. He was right.After five owners and 15 unprofitable years, Pepsi-Cola was once again a thriving national brand. One oddity of the time, for a number of years, all of Pepsi-Cola's sales were actually administered from a Baltimore building apparently owned by Coca-Cola, and named for its president. Within two years, Pepsi would earn $ 1 million for its new owner. With the resurgence came new confidence, a rarity in those days because the nation was in the early stages of a severe economic decline that came to be known as the Great Depression. TIMELINE – 1898 Caleb Bradham, a New Bern, North Carolina, pharmacist, renames â€Å"Brad's Drink,† a carbonated soft drink he created to serve his drugstore's fountain customers. The new name, Pepsi-Cola, is derived from two of the principal ingredients, pepsin and kola nuts. It is first used on August 28. * 1902 Bradham applies to the U. S. Patent Office for a trademark for the Pepsi-Cola name. * 1903 In keeping with its origin as a pharmacist's concoction, Bradham's advertising praises his drink as â€Å"Exhilarating, invigorating, aids digestion. * 1905 A new logo appears, the first change from the original created in 1898. * 1906 The logo is redesigned and a new slogan added: â€Å"The original pure food drink. † The trademark is registered in Cana da. * 1907 The Pepsi trademark is registered in Mexico. * 1909 Automobile racing pioneer Barney Oldfield becomes Pepsi's first celebrity endorser when he appears in newspaper ads describing Pepsi-Cola as â€Å"A bully drink†¦ refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race. † The theme â€Å"Delicious and Healthful† appears, and will be used intermittently over the next two decades. 1920 Pepsi appeals to consumers with, â€Å"Drink Pepsi-Cola. It will satisfy you. † * 1932 The trademark is registered in Argentina. * 1934 Pepsi begins selling a 12-ounce bottle for five cents, the same price charged by its competitors for six ounces. * 1938 The trademark is registered in the Soviet Union. * 1939 A newspaper cartoon strip, â€Å"Pepsi ; Pete,† introduces the theme â€Å"Twice as Much for a Nickel† to increase consumer awareness of Pepsi's value advantage. 1940 Pepsi makes advertising history with the first advertising jingle ever broadcast nationwide. Nickel, Nickel† will eventually become a hit record and will be translated into 55 languages. A new, more modern logo is adopted. * 1941 In support of America's war effort, Pepsi changes the color of its bottle crowns to red, white and blue. A Pepsi canteen in Times Square, New York, operates throughout the war, enabling more than a million families to record messages for armed services personnel overseas. * 1943 The â€Å"Twice as Much† advertising strategy expands to include the theme, â€Å"Bigger Drink, Better Taste. † * 1949 â€Å"Why take less when Pepsi's best? † is added to â€Å"Twice as Much† advertising. 1950 â€Å"More Bounce to the Ounce† becomes Pepsi's new theme as changing soft drink economics force Pepsi to raise prices to competitive levels. The logo is again updated. * 1953 Americans become more weight conscious, and a new strategy based on Pepsi's lower caloric content is implemented with â€Å"The Light Refre shment† campaign. * 1954 â€Å"The Light Refreshment† evolves to incorporate â€Å"Refreshing Without Filling. â€Å". * 1963 In one of the most significant demographic events in commercial history, the post-war baby boom emerges as a social and marketplace phenomenon.Pepsi recognizes the change, and positions Pepsi as the brand belonging to the new generation-The Pepsi Generation. â€Å"Come alive! You're in the Pepsi Generation† makes advertising history. It is the first time a product is identified, not so much by its attributes, as by its consumers' lifestyles and attitudes. * 1964 A new product, Diet Pepsi, is introduced into Pepsi-Cola advertising. * 1966 Diet Pepsi's first independent campaign, â€Å"Girlwatchers,† focuses on the cosmetic benefits of the low-calorie cola. The â€Å"Girlwatchers† musical theme becomes a Top 40 hit.Advertising for another new product, Mountain Dew, a regional brand acquired in 1964, airs for the first time, b uilt around the instantly recognizable tag line, â€Å"Ya-Hoo, Mountain Dew! † * 1967 When research indicates that consumers place a premium on Pepsi's superior taste when chilled, â€Å"Taste that beats the others cold. Pepsi pours it on† emphasizes Pepsi's product superiority. The campaign, while product-oriented, adheres closely to the energetic, youthful, lifestyle imagery established in the initial Pepsi Generation campaign. 1969 â€Å"You've got a lot to live. Pepsi's got a lot to give† marks a shift in Pepsi Generation advertising strategy. Youth and lifestyle are still the campaign's driving forces, but with â€Å"Live/Give,† a new awareness and a reflection of contemporary events and mood become integral parts of the advertising's texture. * 1973 Pepsi Generation advertising continues to evolve. â€Å"Join the Pepsi People, Feelin' Free† captures the mood of a nation involved in massive social and political change. It pictures us the way w e are-one people, but many personalities. 1975 The Pepsi Challenge, a landmark marketing strategy, convinces millions of consumers that Pepsi's taste is superior. * 1992 Celebrities join consumers, declaring that they â€Å"Gotta Have It. † The interim campaign supplants â€Å"Choice of a New Generation† as work proceeds on new Pepsi advertising for the '90s. Mountain Dew growth continues, supported by the antics of an outrageous new Dew Crew whose claim to fame is that, except for the unique great taste of Dew, they've â€Å"Been there, Done that, Tried that. † * 1993 â€Å"Be Young, Have fun, Drink Pepsi† advertising starring basketball superstar Shaquille O'Neal is rated as best in U.S. * 1994 New advertising introducing Diet Pepsi's freshness dating initiative features Pepsi CEO Craig Weatherup explaining the relationship between freshness and superior taste to consumers. * 1995 In a new campaign, the company declares â€Å"Nothing else is a Pepsiâ⠂¬  and takes top honors in the year's national advertising championship. * 1998 – Pepsi celebrates its 100th anniversary. PepsiCo. Chairman and CEO Roger A. Enrico donates his salary to provide scholarships for children of PepsiCo employees. Pepsi introduces PepsiOne – the first one calorie drink without that diet taste! STRENGTH & WEAKNESSES OF PEPSI CO.Pepsi Cola throughout its 100 years of existence has developed much strength. One of the strengths that have developed Pepsi into such a large corporation is a strong franchise system. The strong franchise system was the backbone of success along with a great entrepreneur spirit. Pepsi’s franchise system and distributors is credited to bring Pepsi from a 7,968 gallons of soda sold in 1903 to nearly 5 billion gallons in the year of 1997. . Pepsi-Cola provides advertising, marketing, sales and promotional support to Pepsi-Cola bottlers and food service customers. This includes some of the world's best-loved and most-recognized advertising.New advertising and exciting promotions keep. Pepsi-Cola brands young. The company manufactures and sells soft drink concentrate to Pepsi-Cola bottlers. The company also provides fountain beverage products. Pepsi also has had the good fortune of making very wise investments. Some of the best investments have been in their acquiring several large fast food restaurants. They have also made wise investments in snack food companies like Frito Lay, which at present time is the largest snacks company in the world. Probably high on the list of strengths is Pepsi’s beverage line up.Pepsi has four soft drinks in the top ten beverages in the world. These brands are Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Diet Pepsi, and Caffeine Free Diet Peps. Some other strong brands are All Sport, Slice, Tropicana, Nimbooz, Aquafina and a license agreement with Ocean Spray Juices. Pepsi Cola like any company has weaknesses. Ironically, the one strength that has been credited for most of its success in the past has now become a weakness for Pepsi. This former strength is the franchise system. The franchise system in Pepsi Corporate view has become a liability. Pepsi in today’s market must be able to act as one instead of several separate units. * The franchise system has become a hurdle to Pepsi because many of these franchises have become very strong and will not be dictated by PepsiCo on how to handle their operations. Some of these franchises are unwilling to support certain Pepsi products and at times produce their own private label products that are in direct competition with Pepsi products. * Secondly the franchisees are not willing to make capital expenditures to keep up with Coca-Cola who is a firm believer in reinvesting into their infrastructure (Coca Cola at present time does not operate a franchise bottling system). * Pepsi customers buy nearly five billion gallons of soft drinks per year. Pepsi customers buy their products because of taste, price, p ackaging and promotional factors and of a wide variety of brands. Pepsi customers also buy their products due to the high accessibility of Pepsi brands. * Pepsi products are distributed to many outlets. For example, supermarkets where Pepsi buys large shelf area and display areas so the customer can find them easier, viz, Convenience stores, Restaurants, Movie theaters and almost and other conceivable spots. * Another competitive advantage that Pepsi has is in their product Mountain Dew. Mountain Dew has grown a staggering 74. 1% over the last five years. Mountain Dew has a 6. 3% market share and has recently become the No. 4 soft drink in America. At this current pace Mountain Dew will become the first non-cola to reach the 1billion gallon mark in one year. * Pepsi also has an advantage as an innovator in their field. They are the first soft drink makers to introduce a new one-calorie soda called Pepsi-One with, just approved by the FDA, Ace-K. PEPSICO IN INDIAPepsiCo entered India in 1989 and has grown to become one of the country’s leading food and beverage companies. One of the largest multinational investors in the country, PepsiCo has established a business which aims to serve the long term dynamic needs of consumers in India. PepsiCo India and its partners have invested more than U. S. $1 billion since the company was established in the country. PepsiCo provides direct and indirect employment to 150,000 people including suppliers and distributors. PepsiCo nourishes consumers with a range of products from treats to healthy eats, that deliver joy as well as nutrition and always, good taste.PepsiCo India’s expansive portfolio includes iconic refreshment beverages Pepsi, 7 UP, Mirinda and Mountain Dew, in addition to low calorie options such as Diet Pepsi, hydrating and nutritional beverages such as Aquafina drinking water, isotonic sports drinks – Gatorade, Tropicana100% fruit juices, and juice based drinks – Tropicana Nectars, Tropicana Twister and Slice. PepsiCo’s foods company, Frito-Lay, is the leader in the branded salty snack market and all Frito Lay products are free of trans-fat and MSG. It manufactures Lay’s Potato Chips, Cheetos extruded snacks, Uncle Chipps and traditional snacks under the Kurkure and Lehar brands.The company’s high fibre breakfast cereal, Quaker Oats, and low fat and roasted snack options enhance the healthful choices available to consumers. Frito Lay’s core products, Lay’s, Kurkure, Uncle Chipps and Cheetos are cooked in Rice Bran Oil to significantly reduce saturated fats and all of its products contain voluntary nutritional labeling on their packets. The group has built an expansive beverage, snack food and exports business and to support the operations are the group's 39 bottling plants in India, of which 17 are company owned and 22 are franchisee owned. PEPSICO VS COCACOLA IN INDIABoth target all income segments of as their products are a ttractive and likeable. Both companies produce parallel products and services (Coca Cola Company, 2009). It is a known factor that when a company goes beyond the national boundaries, the distribution channel and production becomes main concern. When PepsiCo. launches new product and a new promotion strategy, Coca Cola, follows its fierce competitor, with its own version or vice-versa. Both companies are multinational and as they enter new market, they consider many issues such as legal risk, political risk, business risk etc. ecause of the fact that in past these companies had to leave the market due to above mentioned reasons. The companies are very conscious towards taste preferences of the targeted customers. Both companies work on ethics and moral values. They both have public relation department which serves as a chain between consumers and the company. The above graph shows the beverage ranking as at the beginning of 2011. Pepsi reverses a global trend in India, beating its ma in rival Coca-Cola in market share. In terms of Brand Trust too, Pepsi at rank 36 is at 160% higher than its closest cola competitor, Coca-Cola at 60th rank.However the Coke camp has 5 brands among the top 300, as compared to the Pepsi-camp which is only represented by 3 brands among the 300 Most Trusted Brands of India. PEPSICO INDIA SWOT ANALYSIS: Strengths – (a) Pepsico is a well-known brand in FMCG sector. (b) Pepsico is offering many attractive sales promotion schemes. (c) Pepsico is having good market share. (d) Pepsico is offering many brands like 7up, Slice, Mirinda etc. (e) Pepsico is offering Varity of tastes to select. Weakness – (a)Lack of effective customer services. (b) Retailers are not getting proper schemes of Pepsi. c)Visis are out of order. In Jaipur town there is appropriate maintenance services available. (d) Retailers are complaining about cooling. Visis are not cooling well mainly 300 and 400 liters. Opportunities: – (a) Large beverage mar ket. (b) Popular in youth as well as children. (c) New taste can be introduced like apple, even health drink also. (d) In India the major competitors of Pepsi are tea, coffee, lassi, inthis case Pepsi can come in 100 ml or even 50 ml at Rs. 3 or 4. Threats: – (a) Increasing competitors day by day. (b) Poor publicity by competitors. c) Numberless innovation’s area in beverage industry. PEPSICO INDIA PERFORMANCE Pepsi is one of the most well known brands in the world today available in over 160 countries. The company has an extremely positive outlook for India. Outside North America two of our largest and fastest growing businesses are in India and China, which include more than a third of the world’s population. (PepsiCo’s annual report, 1999) Faced with the existing policy framework at the time, the company entered the Indian market through a joint venture with Voltas and Punjab Agro Industries.With the introduction of the liberalization policies since 19 91, Pepsi took complete control of its operations. The government has approved more than US$ 400 million worth of investments of which over US$ 330 million have already flown in. One of PepsiCo’s key strategies was to develop a completely local management team. Pepsi has 19 company owned factories while their Indian bottling partners own 21. Since the entry of Pepsi-Cola to India in 1989, the soft drink industry has under gone a radical change. When Pepsi-Cola entered, Parle was the leader with the Thums-up being its flagship brand.Other products offering by Parle included Limca & Goldspot, another upcoming player in the market was, the erstwhile bottler of Coca-Cola, â€Å"pure drinks†. Its offering includes Campa- Cola, Campa-Lemon & Campa-Orange The two advertisements tags: ‘yehi hai right choice baby’ and ‘nothing official about it’ immediately ring a bell- it’s got to be Pepsi. The advertisement tag ‘yehi hai right choice bab y’ was the first ‘Hinglish’ slogan ever used in the in the Indian market. This slogan proved to be the best suited one for Pepsi and it was a mega hit and at that moment of time.Pepsi in a short span of its operations in India has found a place in the hearts and minds of the Indian consumers. The success has primarily been due to the innovative and passionate Indian team, which has been built over the years. Pepsi is a trendsetter managed and run by Indians, where important decisions are taken locally. The RKJ group is India's leading supplier of retailer brand Carbonated and Non-Carbonated soft drinks, with beverage manufacturing facilities in India and Nepal. It has the license to supply beverages in the territories of Western U. P. part of M. P. , half of Haryana, whole of Rajasthan, Goa, 3 districts of Maharashtra, 9 districts of Karnataka and whole of Nepal. The group has in total 18 bottling plants in India & Nepal and is responsible for producing and marke ting 44% of Pepsi requirement in India. This group has brought name and fame to the Pepsi as in all this regions Pepsi is at the commanding position and in the mean this group has diversified itself into ice cream, suiting and shirtings, restaurants, beer plant in Mauritius & edible oil plant in Sri Lanka PESTICIDE CONTROVERSY 2003:Although Pepsi’s sales were hurt post-cola contamination controversy, Pepsi spokesperson maintained that â€Å"it was difficult to assess whether the slump was due to the controversy or a lean monsoon. Weather has played a spoilt sport, too, and the season has been dull so they were cross fingered whether sales have been hit by the pesticides issue alone. † PERFORMANCE IN 2010: PepsiCo reported that volume, revenue and profit growth for the fourth quarter and the full year of 2010 were driven by gains across its worldwide snacks and beverage businesses.Beverage performance for the quarter was led by high double-digit growth in India, For the full year, beverage volume was led by double-digit growth in India and China. The net revenue grew by 34 per cent, net income rose by six per cent and core constant currency net income rose by 15 per cent. PepsiCo said, â€Å"Our snack and beverage volume gains for the quarter and full year were led by strong performance in key emerging markets. The Middle East, India and China, each reported snack volumes growing by strong double digits, and acquisitions contributed two points of snacks volume growth in the quarter and for the full year. . The company further strengthened its position in India through the formation of a joint venture with Tata Global Beverages to develop and market hydration beverages for the India market. The chronology PEPSICO. in India was: 1977: Parle launched Thums-up and pure drinks launched Coca-Cola. * 1998: In September, final approval for the Pepsi Foods Ltd. Project granted by the â€Å"Cabinet Committee† on economic affairs of the â€Å"Rajeev Gandhi Govt. † * 1990: In March, â€Å"Pepsi-Cola and 7-up† launched markets in north India. 1990: In May, The government cleared the Pepsi-Cola project again but with a change in brand name to â€Å"Lehar Pepsi†, simultaneously it rejects the Coca-Cola application â€Å"Citra† from the Parle, stable hited the market. * 1991: Pepsi-Cola extended its soft drinks business and reached at national scale. Pepsi-Cola launched its product in Delhi and Bombay. * 1992: In January, Brito foods application is cleared by the FIPB. Pepsi-Cola and Parle start initial negotiation for a strategic alliance but took break off after a while. * 1993: Pepsi-Cola launched â€Å"Slice and Teem† captured about 25-30% of the soft drink market in about 2 years. 1994: Pepsi bought â€Å"Dukes & Sones†. * 1995: Pepsi-Cola lunched cans, having capacity of 330ml in various flavors. * 1996: Pepsi-Cola domestic and international operations combined into a Pepsi-Cola Compan y. International and domestic operations combined into one business unit called â€Å"Frito-lay Company†. * 1997: Pepsi-Cola brought â€Å"Mirinda Orange† opposite to â€Å"Fanta†. * 1998: Pepsi-Cola launched â€Å"Mirinda Lemon† opposite to â€Å"Limca†. * 1999: Pepsi-Cola launched â€Å"Diet Pepsi† in can and 1. 5 Lit. PET bottle for health conscious people. * 2001: Pepsi-Cola launched Slice in â€Å"Tetra† Pack. 2003: Pepsi-Cola launched â€Å"Pepsi Blue† to get the favour of world cup season. * 2005: Pepsi-Cola launched Mirinda in â€Å"Straw Berry† flavour to get the favour of movie Batman. * 2005: Pepsi-Cola launched 7-up as â€Å"7-up ice†. * 2009: Pepsi- Cola launches â€Å"Nimbooz†. NIMBOOZ: PEPSICO’S NEWEST OFFERING! INTRODUCTION Numbu Paani is a delicious thirst quencher made from freshly squeezed lemons, salt and sugar. It has a clean and refreshing flavour and is rich with vitamin C. Nim bu Paani, which is nothing but lemonade or lemon squash. It is commonly available in all the towns of India, particularly in the summer season.It is very easy to prepare. Fresh lemon is squeezed in a glass and salt and sugar is added to it. Crushed ice may also be added. Nimbu Paani’ has always been the most commonly consumed cold beverage for Indians, especially during hot summers. Hence it made perfect business sense to launch a non-fizzy drink during summers as it scores above the colas in the health aspect (carbonated drinks actually soaks up the body’s moisture leaving the system more dry). With links to childhood obesity and tooth decay, soft drink sales were down for the first time in 20 years.And sales of bottled water, juices and energy drinks are continuing to eat into the soda market. At such a time PepsiCo decided to launch â€Å"Nimbooz†. The added advantage of it being a very familiar natural refreshing drink which is now being offered in a hygieni c and convenient way would make the mothers prefer it over the Colas. LAUNCH OF NIMBOOZ: The lime-lemon category is the fastest growing segment of the Rs 7,000-crore aerated soft drink market, with both competing brands Sprite from Coca-Cola and PepsiCo's 7-Up registering healthy growth rates.At the onset of the summer, PepsiCo India had launched packaged nimbu paani, Nimbooz by 7UP. The product has been created to suit Indian tastes. PepsiCo was delighted to introduce Nimbooz, a packaged nimbu paani offering specially developed to suit Indian tastes and preferences. Nimbu paani is a well loved Indian drink and Nimbooz brings consumers this well-loved taste backed by PepsiCo quality. PepsiCo claimed that Nimbooz contained no artificial flavours and contained real lemon juice. On 26 Feb 2009  PepsiCo India, the country’s leading food & beverage company, launched its packaged nimbu paani, Nimbooz by 7Up.Inspired by fresh, home-made nimbu paani, India’s favourite bevera ge, Nimbooz by 7Up has been specially created to suit Indian tastes. Nimbooz is a delicious nimbu paani, with real lemon juice, no fizz, and no artificial flavours. Available in trendy, convenient packs, Nimbooz is a great way to enjoy nimbu paani ina hygienic format. PepsiCo has drawn up an intensive consumer activation campaign to market Nimbooz. The 360 degree marketing communication plan will build awareness through multi-city launches and road shows, 3D activation, leveraging Out-of-Home (OOH) media, radio, press and outdoors.Aggressive trial generation & sampling initiatives were also be taken forward across major cities of the country. A special ‘Nimbooz Highway Gadi’ had been created that would visit the four major highways connecting Delhi to Jaipur, Dehradun, Agra to drive trails and consumer education To introduce the beverage, as part of the teaser campaign which kicked off on March 15, an 18-foot tall wooden lemon squeezer with a four-foot lemon replica in it was placed outside various malls and junctions. The message on it read, â€Å"Asli Refresher Coming Soon†.This innovation was executed at Ambi Mall, Gurgaon; Great India Place, NOIDA; Court Chowk, Amritsar; and Fun Republic Mall, Chandigarh. For the revealer, the lemon was replaced with a 20-foot high Nimbooz bottle on March 18. The teaser in Mumbai was spread across five days. For this, a knotted gunny bag stuffed with lemons was mounted on a canter at Mahim Causeway. The message on the sack read, â€Å"4 Din Mein Asli†. Day 2 saw an untied sack with lemons scattered around it and a similar message, with the number of the day changed.The sack got shorter for the next two days and on the fifth day, a returnable glass bottle (RGB) of Nimbooz appeared on the canter. The on-ground initiative was supported by a TV commercial that reflects Nimbooz ‘Ekdum Asli Indian’ proposition. The film had been created by BBDO India. In times of tough competition, brandin g needs to stand out and this is where outdoor media helps, by making the communication as big as possible. Lemon is central to the idea of Indian refreshment and the same thought went in the making of Nimbooz.They decided to keep the brand proposition simple, yet appealing, by dwelling on the authenticity of Ekdum Asli Indian Nimbu-Paani. â€Å"Its like rebirth of nimboo pani with a new refreshing and energetic taste. Definitely this product has given great and tough competition to the other drinks of its segment. People really love its taste and want to purchase Nimbooz. also pushing friends and family member to try it as they believe once they will try then rest Nimbooz will handle in short YEHI HAI RIGHT CHOICE† WHAT IS A MARKETING MIX? The term â€Å"marketing mix† was coined in 1953 by Neil Borden in hisAmerican Marketing Association presidential address. However, this was actually a reformulation of an earlier idea by his associate, James Culliton, who in 1948 d escribed the role of the marketing manager as a â€Å"mixer of ingredients†, who sometimes follows recipes prepared by others, sometimes prepares his own recipe as he goes along, sometimes adapts a recipe from immediately available ingredients, and at other times invents new ingredients no one else has tried. The marketing mix is probably the most famous marketing term. Its elements are the basic, tactical components of a marketing plan.Also known as the Four P's, the marketing mix elements are price, place, product, and promotion. Elements of the marketing mix are often referred to as the â€Å"Four P's†: * Product – It is a tangible object or an intangible service that is mass produced or manufactured on a large scale with a specific volume of units. Intangible products are service based like the tourism industry & the hotel industry or codes-based products like cellphone load and credits. To retain its competitiveness in the market, product differentiation is required and is one of the strategies to differentiate a product from its competitors. Price – The price is the amount a customer pays for the product. The business may increase or decrease the price of product if other stores have the same product. * Place – Place represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often referred to as the distribution channel. It can include any physical store as well as virtual stores on the Internet. * Promotion represents all of the communications that a marketer may use in the marketplace. Promotion has four distinct elements: advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. MARKETING MIX OF NIMBOOZPRODUCT: PepsiCo India launched a packaged nimbu paani offering – Nimbooz – under its 7Up brand to expand its non-carbonated drinks portfolio. Nimbooz is a non-carbonated lemon drink which contains no artificial flavors and contains real lemon juice. INGREDIENTS: * Water * Sugar * Concent rated Lemon Juice (0. 8%) * Acidity regulators (296,330) * Salt * Preservatives (202) *contains added flavor (natural and nature identical flavouring substances) NUTRIONAL FACTS| ENERGY (kcal)| 43|CARBOHYDRATES (g)| 10. 8| SUGARS (g)| 10. 5| PROTEIN (g)| 0| FAT (g)| 0| PACKAGING: Nimbooz offers great value to consumers in three packaging formats of: * 200ml returnable glass bottles * 350ml pet bottles * 200 ml tetra .PRICE: Nimbooz is relevant and affordable offering for consumers on the go because of its ready-to-drink format that is both convenient and hygienic. The proposition of the Indian refresher perfectly captures the mass appeal of this product and will certainly drive consumer connect.The pricing strategy adopted is of course that of PENETRATION PRICING as followed by all PepsiCo products. PLACE: PepsiCo already has well established distribution network for its other brands so it becomes easier for them to cover the entire Indian market and place Nimbooz in retail outlets and restaurants. Traditional Trade :At Kirana stores in the above mentioned packages. Modern trade:Distribution through sports clubs, gymnasiums, tie ups with sports institutes etc. Wheel and Spokes model: In rural areas, where one dealer serves many villages.After the launch a newspaper article cited the following: | | | PROMOTION PepsiCo has drawn up an intensive consumer activation campaign to market Nimbooz. The 360 degree marketing communication plan has build awareness through multi-city launches and road shows, 3D activation, leveraging Out-of-Home (OOH) media